Revision of Previous Lectures
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1 Lecture 15 Overview Last Lecture Local area networking This Lecture Wide area networking 1 Source: chapters , 17.1, 18.1, 18.2 Next Lecture Wide area networking 2 Source: Chapter 20 COSC244 Lecture 15 1
2 Revision of Previous Lectures host system and user application layer presentation layer session layer transport layer network layer data link layer Data compression and data encryption Data integrity Local area networks Medium access control Flow control physical layer transmission medium Signals and encoding Data transmission COSC244 Lecture 15 2
3 Today s Focus Ethernet LAN Token Ring LAN How to physically connect devices in different LANs? How to route packets between devices in different LANs? Wireless LAN COSC244 Lecture 15 3
4 Network Connecting Devices (1) Repeater/Hub - layer 1 A repeater is a regenerator (reconstruct the signal, send it on) An active hub is a multiport repeater Bridge layer 2 Has a simple routing table used in filtering decisions Filtering traffic using MAC addresses Can be used to connect different LANs Bridges connecting LANs are also called Two-Layer Switches Protocol conversion Frame format Maximum data size Date rate Security COSC244 Lecture 15 4
5 Network Connecting Devices (2) Router layers 3 Connects different types of LAN's Needs to know how to get to various networks Maintains routing tables Routing packets using logical addresses (IP address) More complex routing algorithms Gateways - layer 7 Different character codes, encryption, compression Different rules for establishing connections Security COSC244 Lecture 15 5
6 Wide Area Networks Ethernet LAN Backbone network Token Ring LAN Wireless LAN Wide Area Networks A computer network that spans a broad area, often a country or a continent. COSC244 Lecture 15 6
7 Connection Concepts (1) Service types Connection-oriented service Connectionless service Connection-Oriented Service Modelled after the telephone system. Establish a connection, use the connection, and then release the connection. Acts like a tube - the sender pushes objects in at one end, and the receiver takes them out in the same order at the other end. COSC244 Lecture 15 7
8 Connection-Oriented Service Example COSC244 Lecture 15 8
9 Connection Concepts (2) Connectionless Service Similar to the postal system. Each message carries the full destination address. Each message is routed through the network independent of the others. Normally first message sent will be the first message to arrive. But the order is not guaranteed. An independent packet in connection-less service is called a datagram. COSC244 Lecture 15 9
10 Connectionless Service Example COSC244 Lecture 15 10
11 Switching Techniques Switched network Switches: create temporary connection between linked devices Switching can happen at several layers of the TCP/IP model Physical layer Data-link layer Network layer Application layer COSC244 Lecture 15 11
12 Taxonomy of Switched Networks Switched Networks Circuit-switched networks Packet-switched networks Message-switched networks Datagram networks Virtual-circuit networks COSC244 Lecture 15 12
13 Circuit Switching Circuit switching A physical connection (e.g. copper) is established before the start of communications. Connection-oriented service: Connection is used solely by the communicating devices. Medium may be shared but not apparent. Suitable for voice/video communication with constant bit rate. Inflexible and low utilization An example is the telephone system COSC244 Lecture 15 13
14 Message Switching Message Switching Store and forward - the message is stored at each station until the route is available, then it is sent on its way. Each switch stores the whole message and forward it to the next switch Connectionless service, different message may travel over different routes. Disadvantage - a long message may occupy the route for a long time Message Message Message Message COSC244 Lecture 15 14
15 Packet Switching (1) Packet Switching Message broken into pieces, called packets, sent independently Packets are received and stored until forwarded to the next node in the route. Support both connection-oriented and connectionless services Routing methods Virtual circuit a logical connection established prior to data transfer. All packets associated with the connection travel through the same nodes Message Message COSC244 Lecture 15 15
16 Packet Switching (2) Packet Switching Message broken into pieces, called packets, sent independently Packets are received and stored until forwarded to the next node in the route. Support both connection-oriented and connectionless services Routing methods Datagram - similar to letters delivery Message Message COSC244 Lecture 15 16
17 LANs vs. WANs Protocol conversion Simple protocol conversion in LAN s bridges Convert between different LAN protocols in WAN s routers WAN's evolved by interconnecting networks Many different protocols and equipments Routing Simple routing in LAN s bridges according to LAN addresses, such as Ethernet addresses. Complex routing in WAN s routers according to WAN addresses, such as IP addresses. Require more complex strategies Often many paths between nodes Paths can experience failures Congestion COSC244 Lecture 15 17
18 Introduction to Routing Routing metric: the major factor considered when routing Length of path Number of hops Transport time In-route delays A 1 2 B D 2 4 F C 6 E COSC244 Lecture 15 18
19 Introduction to Routing (cont.) Routing Tables Do not store the entire end-to-end route Specify the next-hop node and cost Destination Next-hop Cost B B 2 C C 1 D C 5 E B 5 F B 7 A 1 2 C B E D 2 4 F Partial routing table for node A COSC244 Lecture 15 19
20 Introduction to Routing (cont.) Types of routing How are tables created and maintained? Centralised: created and maintained by a central node Distributed: created and maintained by individual nodes How are the tables updated? Static: created once and maintained manually Adaptive: self-adaptive to network changes COSC244 Lecture 15 20
21 Centralised Routing Global routing table is created and maintained by a central device. Global routing table is broadcast to network nodes so they can set up their own routing tables. Routing matrix: Destination nodes Source nodes COSC244 Lecture 15 21
22 Distributed Routing No central control Each node must determine and maintain its own routing table. Know the neighbours and cost of getting to them Share routing table with neighbours via communication Determine cost to send to a specific destination Des Next Cost A A 2 B B 1 Des Next Cost D D 2 B D 3 A 2 D 1 B COSC244 Lecture 15 22
23 Static Routing & Dynamic Routing Static routing Assumes conditions do not change Created once, but have to update manually Reality Nodes are added or removed Cost changes Dynamic routing Allows a routing node to respond to changes Update routing tables in response to changes Reality Difficult to implement efficiently Increases network traffic due to routing table updates Can have packets shuttling between source and/or routers under some conditions COSC244 Lecture 15 23
24 Comparison of Routing Types COSC244 Lecture 15 24
25 Summary Concepts Connection-oriented service Connectionless service Circuit switching Message switching Packet switching Connecting devices Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, Gateways Routing classification Centralised routing Distributed routing Static routing Adaptive routing COSC244 Lecture 15 25
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