Java 6. Network programming

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1 Java 6 Network programming

2 Internet Protocol (IP) IP addresses 32-bit number used to identify machines on the network e.g., is the IP address of always refers to the current machine (also called localhost) Datagram packet of data of limited size up to bytes, but only 1500 bytes on Ethernet network IP defines how datagrams sent across the network involves routing through intermediate machines IP is an unreliable protocol datagrams may be lost, arrive out of order or duplicated

3 Networking basics Programs running on computers connected over a network communicate using either: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) You will mostly write programs that operate at the Application layer Use the classes in the java.net package To decide which classes to use, need to choose between TCP and UDP

4 TCP TCP is a connection-based protocol that provides a reliable, bi-directional flow of data between two computers (or two programs running on the same computer) TCP guarantees that all data sent from one end of a TCP connection arrives at the other end in the right order If packets are lost, they are re-sent Ordering of packets checked at the receiving end of the connection Good for applications that require a reliable connection, such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet

5 UDP UDP sends independent packets of data called datagrams from one computer (or program) to another UDP does not guarantee that data will arrive at the destination in the same order in which it was sent UDP does not guarantee that the data will arrive at the destination at all! Unlike TCP, UDP is not connection-based UDP is faster than TCP because there is no error-correction UDP is good for applications that require very fast data transfer but do not require 100% reliability, such as Video and audio streaming Time server If signal fails to arrive, then it will be out-of-date anyway so does not need to be resent new signal needs to be sent Ping tests connection quality by counting how many packets are lost

6 Sockets and ports End points of a TCP connection are called sockets Each socket is associated with a particular port on a particular machine Port is identified by a 16-bit integer between 0 and allows single machine to have many simultaneous connections, each coming into a different port Ports : well-known ports assigned to server applications executed by privileged processes (e.g., UNIX root user), e.g., port 80 reserved for HTTP communication ports 20 and 21 reserved for FTP servers port 25 reserved for SMTP servers port 443 reserved for HTTPS Ports : registered ports e.g., port 8080 reserved as alternative to 80 for running a web server using ordinary user privileges Ports : dynamic or private ports can be freely used by any client or server program Browsers obtain ports for their TCP sockets arbitrarily among unused nonwell-known ports

7 Understanding Ports All the data coming into a machine might enter through a single physical network connection However, data might be intended for different applications (e.g., http server, ftp server, smtp server) Each application that receives data through the network will be listening for the data on a specific port TCP and UDP use ports to map incoming data to a particular process running on a computer In UDP, each datagram sent over the network will be labelled with the 32-bit IP address of the machine that it is supposed to go to and the 16-bit port number associated with the program (application) that will use the data In TCP, a server application binds a socket to a specific port number and then the server will receive all data sent over a connection to that port

8 Which is better for Client/Server Apps? UDP (Datagram) No Connection Setup Time 64 kilobyte limit per location Unreliable (packets could arrive out of order) TCP (Stream) Connection Setup Time No limit Reliable (packets always arrive in order)

9 In Summary TCP is useful for implementing network services, such as remote login (rlogin, telnet) and file transfer (FTP), which require data of indefinite length to be transferred. UDP is less complex and incurs fewer overheads. It is best for implementing client/server applications in distributed systems built over local area networks (LANs).

10 java.net classes Java programs can use TCP or UDP TCP classes: URL URLConnection Socket ServerSocket UDP classes DatagramPacket DatagramSocket MulticastSocket

11 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) URL is a reference to a resource (file, program, etc.) on the internet A URL is represented in Java by the java.net.url class In http is protocol or scheme is resource name HTTP is just one of many protocols used for transferring data over the internet (other examples of protocols are ftp, smtp, file, gopher, news) Resource name is complete name of resource format depends on protocol typically contains host name name of machine filename pathname to file on machine port number optional number of port to connect to reference refers to named anchor identifying specific location in a file (optional)

12 Creating URLs in Java To create a URL object from an absolute URL string, use the URL constructor as follows: URL url = new URL( ); Sometimes in HTML, only the relative URL is given in a link if the target file is in the same directory as the referring file e.g., if the following tag <a href= papers.php >Publications</a> appears in /index.php, then the link will be to the file that has the absolute address To create a URL object from a relative URL string, first define a URL object representing the base URL and then use a URL constructor which builds a URL object from the URL representing the base URL and a string representing the relative URL: URL baseurl = new URL( ); URL url = new URL(baseURL, /papers.php ); Can also create a URL object from the URL s components: URL url = new URL( http, 80, /papers.php ); is the same as URL url = new URL( :80/papers.php );

13 Special characters and malformed URLs The string given to the URL constructor must not contain special characters Have to escape or encode the special characters before passing the string to the URL constructor e.g. World becomes Easiest way to do this is to create a java.net.uri object and then create a URL from this URI: URI uri = new URI( World ); URL url = uri.tourl(); A java.net.uri object represents a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) A URI identifies a resource that may not actually exist anywhere on the network For example, XML namespaces are identified by URIs that do not necessarily point at actual web pages If a URL string given to a URL constructor is ill-formed, then the constructor throws a MalformedURLException Surround your URL constructor with a try-catch block! URLs are write-once objects you cannot change one once it has been constructed

14 Reading directly from a URL URL yahoo = new URL(" Uses following line to open a BufferedReader on the URL object stored in the variable, yahoo: BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(yahoo.openStream())); URL.openStream() returns an InputStream for reading from the URL InputStream is a stream of bytes to be read from An InputStreamReader takes the bytes from an InputStream and converts them into characters For improved efficiency, it is usually better to wrap an InputStreamReader in a BufferedReader A BufferedReader causes lines or chunks of characters to be read from a character input stream Without a BufferedReader, each read operation would involve reading a couple of bytes and converting into a character which is less efficient than is possible by reading chunks of bytes into a buffer and batch processing them The BufferedReader allows you to read the input one line at a time

15 Example //web page import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class Pobierz { public static void main(string args[]) { URL url; String tekst; try { url = new URL(" InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(in); while( (tekst=br.readline())!=null) { System.out.println(tekst); catch (Exception e) {e.printstacktrace();

16 Connecting to a URL try { URL yahoo = new URL(" URLConnection yahooconnection = yahoo.openconnection(); yahooconnection.connect(); catch (MalformedURLException e) { // new URL() failed... catch (IOException e) { // openconnection() failed... Call a URL s openconnection() method to obtain a URLConnection object Subtype of URLConnection constructed depends on protocol of URL e.g., if http protocol, then HttpURLConnection constructed Connection between program and URL is only initiated when URLConnection.connect() method is called If call URLConnection s getinputstream() or getoutputstream() methods, then connection is initiated even if connect() method hasn t been called Once connection is initiated can read from and write to it

17 Sockets URLs and URLConnections are a high-level mechanism for accessing resources on the internet Sometimes you need to have lower-level communication between two programs that need to exchange information Client and server programs can establish a TCP connection with eachother Each program binds a socket to its own end of the connection Each program then reads from and writes to its socket

18 What is a socket? Server program runs on a particular machine and has a socket bound to a specific port number Server waits and listens to socket for a client to make a connection request Client is bound usually automatically to a port on the machine on which it is running Client tries to establish a connection with the server program on the latter s machine and port Server accepts connection request, gets a new socket bound to the same local port with its endpoint set to the address and port of the client Server continues to listen on its original socket Client and server can now communicate with each other by writing to and reading from their sockets

19 Socket and ServerSocket classes A socket is an endpoint of a TCP connection, identified by its IP address and port number A TCP connection can be uniquely identified by its endpoints java.net.socket represents one endpoint of a twoway connection between a Java program and some other program java.net.serversocket represents a socket that a server program can use to listen for incoming connection requests from clients

20 TCP ServerSocket ServerSocket(int port)* ServerSocket(int port, int backlog)* void close()* Socket accept()* InetAddress getinetaddress() int getlocalport() int getsotimeout()* void setsotimeout( int timeout)* String tostring() * Exceptions Socket Socket( InetAddress addr, int port)* Socket( InetAddress addr, int port, InetAddress localaddr, int localport)* void close()* InputStream getinputstream()* OutputStream getoutputsteam()* InetAddress getlocaladdress() InetAddress getinetaddress() int getlocalport() int getport() int getreceivebuffersize()* int getsendbuffersize()* void setreceivebuffersize(int size)* void setsendbuffersize(int size)* Int getsotimeout()* void setsotimeout(int timeout)*

21 TCP Socket, exceptions: try { Socket gniazdo = new Socket(" 80); catch (UnknownHostException e) {System.err.println(e); catch (IOException e) {{System.err.println(e); Streams: socket.getinputstream() socket.getoutputstream() Recomended for input: PrintWriter Recomended for output : BufferedReader Server, ServerSocket ServerSocket serwer = new ServerSocket(7) Socket socket= serwer.accept(), gniazdo.close()

22 Example port scanner import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class SkanerPortow { public static void main(string[] args) { Socket gniazdo; String host = "localhost"; if (args.length > 0) { host = args[0]; //if not given // localhost for (int n = 0; n < 1024; n++) { try { gniazdo = new Socket(host, n); System.out.println( Open port"+n+ " on: "+ host); catch (UnknownHostException e) {System.err.println(e);break; catch (IOException e) {

23 Client server communication (chat - server) Users: multihreads loop (accept) and new thread for each connection import java.net.*; import java.io.*; public class ChatServer { public static void main(string args[]) throws IOException { if (args.length!= 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException( Usage: ChatServer <port>"); int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port); while (true) { Socket client = server.accept(); new ChatHandler(client).start();

24 Client server communication (chat - server) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.*; public class ChatHandler implements Runnable { protected static Vector handlers = new Vector(); protected Socket socket; protected DataInputStream datain; protected DataOutputStream dataout; protected Thread listener; public ChatHandler(Socket socket) { this.socket = socket;

25 Client server communication (chat - server) public synchronized void start() { if (listener == null) { try { datain = new DataInputStream( new BufferedInputStream( socket.getinputstream())); dataout = new DataOutputStream( new BufferedOutputStream( socket.getoutputstream())); listener = new Thread(this); listener.start(); catch (IOException ignored) { public synchronized void stop() { if (listener!= null) { try { if (listener!= Thread.currentThread()) listener.interrupt(); listener = null; dataout.close(); catch (IOException ignored) {

26 Client server communication (chat - server) public void run() { try { // list of users handlers.addelement(this); while (!Thread.interrupted()) { String message = datain.readutf(); broadcast(message); catch (EOFException ignored) { catch (IOException ex) { if (listener == Thread.currentThread()) ex.printstacktrace(); finally { // remove handlers.removeelement(this); stop();

27 Client server communication (chat - server) protected void broadcast(string message) { synchronized (handlers) { Enumeration enum = handlers.elements(); while (enum.hasmoreelements()) { ChatHandler handler = (ChatHandler) enum.nextelement(); try { handler.dataout.writeutf(message); handler.dataout.flush(); catch (IOException ex) { // cos się stalo handler.stop();

28 chat - client public class ChatClient extends JFrame implements Runnable, WindowListener, ActionListener { protected String host; protected int port; protected String username; protected JTextArea output; protected JTextField input; protected DataInputStream datain; protected DataOutputStream dataout; protected Thread listener; public ChatClient(String host, int port, String username) { super("chatclient [" + host + ':' + port + "]" + " (" + username + ")"); this.host = host; this.port = port; this.username = username;

29 chat - client public synchronized void start() throws IOException { if (listener == null) { Socket socket = new Socket(host, port); try { datain = new DataInputStream( new BufferedInputStream( socket.getinputstream())); dataout = new DataOutputStream( new BufferedOutputStream( socket.getoutputstream())); catch (IOException ex) { socket.close(); throw ex; listener = new Thread(this); listener.start(); makechatui();

30 chat - client public synchronized void stop() throws IOException { hide(); if (listener!= null) { listener.interrupt(); listener = null; dataout.close(); public void run() { try { while (!Thread.interrupted()) { String line = datain.readutf(); output.append(line + "\n"); catch (IOException ex) { handleioexception(ex);

31 chat - client protected void makechatui() { input = new JTextField(30); input.addactionlistener(this); output = new JTextArea(8,30); output.seteditable(false); Container c = getcontentpane(); c.add(new JScrollPane(output), BorderLayout.CENTER); c.add(input, BorderLayout.SOUTH); addwindowlistener(this); pack();show(); protected synchronized void handleioexception(ioexception ex) { if (listener!= null) { output.append(ex + "\n"); input.setvisible(false); validate(); if (listener!= Thread.currentThread()) listener.interrupt(); listener = null; try { dataout.close(); catch (IOException e) { e.printstacktrace();

32 chat - client public void windowopened(windowevent event) { input.requestfocus(); public void windowclosing(windowevent event) { try { stop(); catch (IOException ex) { ex.printstacktrace(); public void windowclosed(windowevent event) { public void windowiconified(windowevent event) { public void windowdeiconified(windowevent event) { public void windowactivated(windowevent event) { public void windowdeactivated(windowevent event) {

33 chat - client public void actionperformed(actionevent event) { try { input.selectall(); dataout.writeutf(username+": "+event.getactioncommand()); dataout.flush(); catch (IOException ex) {handleioexception(ex); public static void main(string[] args) throws IOException { if ((args.length!= 2) (args[0].indexof(':') < 0)) throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Uzycie: ChatKlient <host>:<port> <username>"); int idx = args[0].indexof(':'); String host = args[0].substring(0, idx); String username = args[1]; int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0].substring(idx + 1)); ChatKlient client = new ChatKlient(host, port, username); client.start();

34 Datagrams Some applications don t need the reliability of TCP Might benefit from using independent packages of information called datagrams whose arrival, content and order of arrival are not guaranteed UDP (User Datagram Protocol) provides protocol for sending datagrams UDP does not use connections as TCP does UDP in Java is done by sending and receiving DatagramPackets through DatagramSockets or MulticastSockets

35 (UDP) DatagramSocket DatagramSocket()* DatagramSocket(int port)* void close()* void connect(inetaddress a,int port) void disconnect() InetAddress getinetaddress() InetAddress getlocaladdress() int getlocalport() int getport() void receive(datagrampacket p)* void send(datagrampacket p)* DatagramPacket DatagramPacket(byte[] buf,int length) DatagramPacket(byte[] buf,int length, InetAddress addr, int port) byte[] getdata() int getlength() int getport() InetAddress getaddress() void setaddress(inetaddress addr) void setdata(byte[] data) void setlength(int length void setport(int port)

36 Client-server (UDP) Client side DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(); Server side DatagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(PORT_NUM); Client->Server byte[] buf = new byte[256]; InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("server-name"); DatagramPacket sendpacket = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, address, PORT_NUM); socket.send( sendpacket ); Receiving byte[] buf = new byte[256]; DatagramPacket receivepacket = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length); socket.receive(receivepacket); Reply InetAddress address = receivepacket.getaddress(); int port = receivepacket.getport(); DatagramPacket respondpacket = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, address, port); socket.send( respondpacket );

37 Broadcasting to Multiple Recipients java.net.multicastsocket used on client-side to listen for packets broadcast by server to multiple clients MulticastSocket extends DatagramSocket MulticastSocket()* MulticastSocket(int port)* void joingroup(inetaddress group)* void leavegroup(inetaddress group)* InetAddress getinetaddress()* void send(datagrampacket p, byte ttl)* void settimetolive( int ttl )* Int gettimetolive()*

38 MulticastServer Port number doesn t matter as client never sends anything to server InetAddress group = InetAddress.getByName(" "); DatagramPacket packet; packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, group, 4446); Server doesn t have to get IP address and port number from client now, as it is broadcasting to all clients in group with IP address , listening on port 4446

MulticastClient Constructs a MulticastSocket and binds to port number 4446, which is the one that MulticastServer is transmitting to Uses the MulticastSocket.

39 MulticastClient Constructs a MulticastSocket and binds to port number 4446, which is the one that MulticastServer is transmitting to Uses the MulticastSocket.joinGroup(InetAddress) method to join the group through are available as multicast addresses (D) Uses the MulticastSocket.receive(packet) method to receive the next packet transmitted by the server When finished, leaves the group using socket.leavegroup(address) Then closes socket

Advanced Java Programming. Networking

Advanced Java Programming. Networking Advanced Java Programming Networking Eran Werner and Ohad Barzilay Tel-Aviv University Advanced Java Programming, Spring 2006 1 Overview of networking Advanced Java Programming, Spring 2006 2 TCP/IP protocol