IP MULTICAST WITH APPLICATIONS TO IPTV AND MOBILE DVB-H

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1 IP MULTICAST WITH APPLICATIONS TO IPTV AND MOBILE DVB-H Daniel Minoli A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

3 IP MULTICAST WITH APPLICATIONS TO IPTV AND MOBILE DVB-H

5 IP MULTICAST WITH APPLICATIONS TO IPTV AND MOBILE DVB-H Daniel Minoli A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

6 Copyright Ó 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Minoli, Daniel, IP multicast with applications to IPTV and mobile DVB-H / Daniel Minoli. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Webcasting. 2. Internet television. 3. Digital video. I. Title. TK M dc Printed in the United States of America

7 For Anna and the kids. And for my parents Gino and Angela Also thanking Mike Neen

9 CONTENTS Preface About the Author xiii xv 1 INTRODUCTION TO IP MULTICAST Introduction Why Multicast Protocols are Wanted/Needed Basic Multicast Protocols and Concepts IPTV and DVB-H Applications Course of Investigation 21 Appendix 1.A: Multicast IETF Request for Comments 21 Appendix 1.B: Multicast Bibliography 23 References 23 2 MULTICAST ADDRESSING FOR PAYLOAD IP Multicast Addresses Limited Scope Addresses GLOP Addressing Generic IPv4 Addressing Layer 2 Multicast Addresses Ethernet MAC Address Mapping MPEG-Layer Addresses 33 References 38 3 MULTICAST PAYLOAD FORWARDING Multicasting on a LAN Segment Multicasting between Network Segments Multicast Distribution Trees Multicast Forwarding: Reverse Path Forwarding Multicast Forwarding: Center-Based Tree Algorithm Implementing IP Multicast in a Network 49 References 50 vii

10 viii CONTENTS 4 DYNAMIC HOST REGISTRATION INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL IGMP Messages IGMPv3 Messages IGMP Operation 61 Appendix 4.A: Protocol Details for IGMPv A.1 Overview 63 4.A.2 Protocol Description 64 4.A.3 Receiver (Host) State Diagram 65 4.A.4 Router State Diagram 69 Appendix 4.B: IGMP Snooping Switches 72 Appendix 4.C: Example of Router Configurations 76 References 77 5 MULTICAST ROUTING SPARSE-MODE PROTOCOLS: PROTOCOL INDEPENDENT MULTICAST Introduction to PIM PIM SM Details Approach PIM SM Protocol Overview Detailed Protocol Description Packet Formats 114 References MULTICAST ROUTING SPARSE-MODE PROTOCOLS: CORE-BASED TREES Motivation Basic Operation CBT Components and Functions CBT Control Message Retransmission Strategy Nonmember Sending Core Router Discovery Protocol Specification Details CBT HELLO Protocol JOIN_REQUEST Processing JOIN_ACK Processing QUIT_NOTIFICATION Processing ECHO_REQUEST Processing ECHO_REPLY Processing 137

11 CONTENTS ix FLUSH_TREE Processing Nonmember Sending Timers and Default Values CBT Packet Formats and Message Types Core Router Discovery CBT Version The First Step: Joining the Tree Transient State Getting On Tree Pruning and Prune State The Forwarding Cache Packet Forwarding The Keepalive Protocol Control Message Precedence and Forwarding Criteria Broadcast LANs The all-cbt-routers Group Nonmember Sending 150 References MULTICAST ROUTING DENSE-MODE PROTOCOLS: PIM DM Overview Basic PIM DM Behavior Protocol Specification PIM Protocol State Data Packet Forwarding Rules Hello Messages PIM DM Prune, Join, and Graft Messages State Refresh PIM Assert Messages PIM Packet Formats 182 References OTHER DENSE-MODE MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS: DVMRP AND MOSPF Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm Overview Basic DVMRP Operation 186

12 x CONTENTS 8.2 Multicast OSPF 190 References IP MULTICASTING IN IPv6 ENVIRONMENTS Opportunities Offered by IPv Introductory Overview of IPv IPv6 Benefits Traditional Addressing Classes for IPv Network Address Translation Issues in IPv IPv6 Address Space Basic Protocol Constructs IPv6 Autoconfiguration Migration and Coexistence Multicast with IPv IPv6 Multicast Addresses MAC Layer Addresses Signaling RP Approaches 213 References MULTICAST LISTENER DISCOVERY Overview of MLDv Message Format Protocol Description Node State Transition Diagram Router State Transition Diagram Overview of MLDv Protocol Overview Building Multicast Listening State on Multicast Address Listeners Exchanging Messages between the Querier and the Listening Nodes Building Multicast Address Listener State on Multicast Routers Source Filtering 232 References 233

13 CONTENTS xi 11 IPTV APPLICATIONS Overview and Motivation Basic Architecture Content Aggregation Subsystem Uniform Transcoding Subsystem Conditional-Access Management Subsystem Encapsulation Subsystem Long-Haul Distribution Subsystem Local Distribution Subsystem Middleware Subsystem Set-Top Boxes Catcher (for VoD Services) 269 Appendix 11.A: Serial Digital Interface Basics 269 Appendix 11.B: MPEG Basics B.1 MPEG-2 Transport/Multiplexing Mechanisms B.2 IPTV/IP Transmission over TS Logical Channels B.3 Compression Technology 281 Appendix 11.C: Encapsulation for Transmission of IP Datagrams over MPEG-2/DVB Networks 298 References DVB-H: HIGH-QUALITY TV TO CELL PHONES Background and Motivation Basic DVB-H Technology DVB-H Mobile Devices 315 Appendix 12.A: Open Mobile Video Coalition Efforts 317 References 318 Glossary 319 Index 349

15 PREFACE This book updates early-release published work undertaken by the author in the early-to-mid-1990s on the topic of video-for-telcos ( telco TV ), video-over-packet, video-over-dls, and video-over-atm contained in the book Video Dialtone Technology: Digital Video over ADSL, HFC, FTTC, and ATM, McGraw-Hill, 1995, and based on extensive hands-on work on broadband communications and digital video/digital imaging. At this juncture, the focus of this book (and for this industry) is completely on commercial-quality video over IP, IPTV. Of late there has been renewed interest in IP multicast protocols and technologies because of the desire by traditional telephone companies to deliver entertainment-level video services over their network using next-generation infrastructures based on IP networking, by the cell phone companies for video streams to hand held telephone sets and personal digital assistants (PDAs), and by the traditional TV broadcast companies seeking to enter the same mobile video market. Critical factors in multicasting include bandwidth efficiency and delivery tree topology optimization. IP multicast technology is stable and relatively easy to implement, particularly for architecturally simple (yet large) networks. A lot of the basic IP multicast mechanisms were developed in the mid-to-late 1980s, with other basic work undertaken in the 1980s. A number of recent functional enhancements have been added. From a commercial deployment perspective, IP multicast is now where IP was in the mid-1990s: poised to take off and experience widespread deployment. Examples of applications requiring one-to-many or many-to-many communications include but are not limited to digital entertainment video and audio distribution, multisite corporate videoconferencing, broad distribution financial data, stock quotes and news bulletins, database replication, software distribution, and content caching (for example, Web site caching). The text literature on IP multicast is limited and somewhat dated, particularly in reference to IPTV applications. This compact text is intended for practitioners that seek a quick practical review of the topic with emphasis on the major and most-often used aspects of the technology. Given its focus on IPTV and DVB-H it can also be used by technology integrators and service providers that wish to enter this field. Following an introductory discussion in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 covers multicast addressing for payload distribution. Chapter 3 focuses on multicast payload forwarding. Chapter 4 covers the important topic of dynamic host registration using the Internet Group Management Protocol. Chapter 5 looks at multicast routing in sparse-mode environments and the broadly used PIM-SM. Chapter 6 discusses CBT. Chapter 7 looks at multicast routing for dense-mode protocols and PIM-DM in particular. Chapter 8 xiii

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