Internet Protocol (IP)
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1 CPSC Network Programming Internet Protocol (IP) Michele Weigle Department of Computer Science Clemson University mweigle@cs.clemson.edu March 14, Internet Protocol (IP)! Addressing - Ch 18 " Classful " Classless (CIDR) " Special Addresses! Address Resolution (ARP) - Ch 19! Datagrams and Forwarding - Ch 20! Encapsulation and Fragmentation - Ch 21 "Encapsulation "Fragmentation "Reassembly
2 IP Addressing! Goal of internetworking: Provide seamless communication system "hide details of physical networks! Need addressing "use hardware addresses? IP Addressing! Each host assigned 32-bit number (IP address) "network prefix "host suffix! Why use hierarchical addressing? "each computer assigned a unique address "suffixes can be assigned locally w/o global coordination
3 IP Addressing Classful (or class-based) Addressing! Class A " 128 networks " 65,536 to 224 hosts! Class B " 16,384 networks " 256 to 65,536 hosts! Class C " 221 networks " less than 256 hosts! Class D " 28-bit multicast addresses " No origin or network information is encoded net id net id net id host id (IP addresses through ) host id (IP addresses through ) multicast address host id (IP addresses through ) (IP addresses through ) Addressing Classful Addressing Class A B C D Range
4 Addressing Classful Addressing! Classes aren t divided equally! 1/2 of all addresses are in Class A Addressing Private Addresses! Network addresses assigned by IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)! Private addresses available " " " (see RFC 1597)
5 Addressing Classful Addressing Addressing Classless Addressing (CIDR)! Why don t we use classful addressing anymore?! Today, we use subnet addressing, or classless addressing (CIDR)!Netmask "32-bit number to identify which bits are network prefix in the IP address
6 Addressing Classless Addressing (CIDR)! Router compares destination IP with known network IP "D is dest IP addr, M is mask, A is network IP addr "A == (D & M)! Example: "M = ( ) "D = ( ) "A = ( ) "Using binary AND between M and D, we get A. Addressing Classless Addressing (CIDR)! With CIDR, Class B address becomes /16 "first 16 bits are network prefix "second 16 bits are host suffix "see Appendix 3 (pg. 686) Network part / 23 Host part
7 Addressing Classless Addressing (CIDR)! Example w/classful addressing "ISP has one class B address ( ) "Two customers have 12 computers "ISP can t assign them (can t break up the class B address space)! Example w/classless addressing "one customer gets /28 "one customer gets /28 "ISP keeps rest of the addresses for other customers Addressing Classless Addressing (CIDR)! One customer gets /28 " 28 bits for network prefix, 4 bits for host suffix " " " " ! How do customers assign addresses to hosts?! " host part all 0s and host part all 1s are reserved
8 / Class A / / / / / / / / Class B / ISP / large business / ISP / large business / ISP / large business / Small ISP / large business / Small ISP / large business / / / Class C / Large LAN / Small LAN / Small LAN / Small LAN / / / / Addressing Special IP Addresses! is the most popular address for loopback
9 Internet Protocol (IP)! Addressing - Ch 18! Address Resolution (ARP) - Ch 19! Forwarding - Ch 20! Fragmentation - Ch 21 ARP!Each NIC has a MAC address and an IP address!when would we need to know the MAC address of a computer s interface?!how to find the MAC address given an IP address? "is there a direct mapping?
10 ARP! Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) "request message!ip address of destination "reply message!ip address of destination!mac address of destination! Request messages are broadcast! Reply messages are unicast ARP and Caching! Each computer maintains an ARP table "entries time out after ~20 minutes!entries added when ARP replies are received! Entries added when ARP request received and we re responding
11 ARP Sending Messages Across a WAN! Applications use IP addresses! How do messages get to the destination across a WAN?! Example: "User sends HTTP request "IP destination address is web server "What s the address in the link layer destination field? Internet Protocol (IP)! Addressing - Ch 18! Address Resolution (ARP) - Ch 19! Forwarding - Ch 20! Fragmentation - Ch 21
12 IP Datagrams and Forwarding IP Header! Once we add the IP header, our data packets are called datagrams! At the link layer (once we add the Ethernet header, for example), they are called frames ver head. len 16-bit identifier time to live 32 bits type of service protocol type flgs length fragment offset Internet checksum 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) data (variable length, typically a TCP segment or UDP datagram) IP Datagrams and Forwarding if (( mask[i] & D) == destination[i]) forward to nexthop[i];
13 IP Datagrams and Forwarding Best Effort! IP is connectionless! IP is not reliable! Makes the best effort to deliver datagrams! Does not go to extra effort to prevent "duplication "delays "out-of-order delivery "corruption of data "loss Internet Protocol (IP)! Addressing - Ch 18! Address Resolution (ARP) - Ch 19! Forwarding - Ch 20! Fragmentation - Ch 21
14 Encapsulation! Routers may need to translate from one type of physical network to another! Operation: "Frame arrives containing link-layer destination address of router "Router extracts IP datagram and throws away frame header "Router determines next-hop depending upon IP address "Router builds new frame header! what s the destination address in the frame? Encapsulation 2 8 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes bytes 46 to 1500 bytes 4 bytes Preamble Destination Address Source Address Data CRC CRC Type Link layer addresses (not same as IP addresses) IP header TCP header data user data IP Datagram TCP Segment
15 Fragmentation! MTU - maximum transmission unit "defined for each type of hardware technology "maximum amount of data in a frame! What if frame travels from network with one MTU to one with smaller MTU? "fragmentation Fragmentation! Router sets bit in flags field! All fragments have same identifier! Fragment offset identifies how the fragment should be reassembled! Otherwise, IP header unchanged ver head. len 32 bits 16-bit identifier flgs time to live type of service protocol type length fragment offset Internet checksum 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) data (variable length, typically a TCP segment or UDP datagram)
16 Fragmentation Ethernet MTU example length = 4000 ID = x fragment = 0 offset = 0 One large IP datagram becomes several smaller IP datagrams IP datagram (20 byte IP header + 3,980 byte TCP segment) encapsulated in one FDDI frame length =1500 length =1500 length =1040 ID =x ID =x ID =x fragment =1 fragment =1 fragment =0 offset =0 offset =1480 offset =2960 Each IP datagram encapsulated in one Ethernet frame! Consider a 3,980 byte message sent in an FDDI frame! Generates 3 fragments when it transits an Ethernet " How much application data is in each fragment? Reassembly! Who reassembles the datagram?!why?! Fragmented datagram cannot be reassembled unless all fragments are received
17 Fragmentation of Fragments?! Can a fragment be fragmented?
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