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1 10 minutes survey (anonymous) v Comments/Suggestions to my lecture/lab/ homework/exam v If you like this course, which part do you like? v If you don t like it, which part do you not like? Thanks! Transport Layer 3-1

2 Chapter 3 Transport Layer Lec 10: TCP Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012 All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Transport Layer 3-2

3 Chapter 3 outline 3.1 transport-layer services 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Transport Layer 3-3

4 TCP: Overview RFCs: 793,1122,1323, 2018, 2581 v point-to-point: one sender, one receiver v reliable, in-order byte steam: no message boundaries v pipelined: TCP congestion and flow control set window size v full duplex data: bi-directional data flow in same connection MSS: maximum segment size v connection-oriented: handshaking (exchange of control msgs) inits sender, receiver state before data exchange v flow controlled: sender will not overwhelm receiver Transport Layer 3-4

5 TCP segment structure URG: urgent data (generally not used) ACK: ACK # valid PSH: push data now (generally not used) RST, SYN, FIN: connection estab (setup, teardown commands) Internet checksum (as in UDP) 32 bits source port # dest port # head len sequence number acknowledgement number not used U A P R S F checksum receive window application data (variable length) Urg data pointer options (variable length) counting by bytes of data (not segments!) # bytes rcvr willing to accept Transport Layer 3-5

6 TCP seq. numbers, ACKs sequence numbers: byte stream number of first byte in segment s data acknowledgements: seq # of next byte expected from other side cumulative ACK Q: how receiver handles out-of-order segments A: TCP spec doesn t say, outgoing segment from sender source port # dest port # sequence number acknowledgement number rwnd checksum sent ACKed urg pointer window size N sender sequence number space sent, notyet usable not ACKed but not usable ( inflight ) yet sent incoming segment to sender - up to implementor source port # dest port # sequence number acknowledgement number A rwnd checksum urg pointer Transport Layer 3-6

7 TCP seq. numbers, ACKs Host A Host B User types C host ACKs receipt of echoed C Seq=42, ACK=79, data = C Seq=79, ACK=43, data = C Seq=43, ACK=80 host ACKs receipt of C, echoes back C simple telnet scenario Transport Layer 3-7

8 TCP round trip time, timeout Q: how to set TCP timeout value? v longer than RTT but RTT varies v too short: premature timeout, unnecessary retransmissions v too long: slow reaction to segment loss Q: how to estimate RTT? v SampleRTT: measured time from segment transmission until ACK receipt ignore retransmissions v SampleRTT will vary, want estimated RTT smoother average several recent measurements, not just current SampleRTT Transport Layer 3-8

9 TCP round trip time, timeout EstimatedRTT = (1- α)*estimatedrtt + α*samplertt v exponential weighted moving average v influence of past sample decreases exponentially fast v typical value: α = RTT: gaia.cs.umass.edu to fantasia.eurecom.fr 350 RTT: gaia.cs.umass.edu to fantasia.eurecom.fr RTT (milliseconds) RTT (milliseconds) samplertt EstimatedRTT time (seconnds) time (seconds) SampleRTT Estimated RTT Transport Layer 3-9

10 TCP round trip time, timeout v timeout interval: EstimatedRTT plus safety margin large variation in EstimatedRTT -> larger safety margin v estimate SampleRTT deviation from EstimatedRTT: DevRTT = (1-β)*DevRTT + β* SampleRTT-EstimatedRTT (typically, β = 0.25) TimeoutInterval = EstimatedRTT + 4*DevRTT estimated RTT safety margin Transport Layer 3-10

11 Chapter 3 outline 3.1 transport-layer services 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Transport Layer 3-11

12 TCP reliable data transfer v TCP creates rdt service on top of IP s unreliable service pipelined segments cumulative acks single retransmission timer v retransmissions triggered by: timeout events duplicate acks let s initially consider simplified TCP sender: ignore duplicate acks ignore flow control, congestion control Transport Layer 3-12

13 TCP sender events: data rcvd from app: v create segment with seq # v seq # is byte-stream number of first data byte in segment v start timer if not already running think of timer as for oldest unacked segment expiration interval: TimeOutInterval timeout: v retransmit segment that caused timeout v restart timer ack rcvd: v if ack acknowledges previously unacked segments update what is known to be ACKed start timer if there are still unacked segments Transport Layer 3-13

14 TCP: retransmission scenarios Host A Host B Host A Host B Seq=92, 8 bytes of data SendBase=92 Seq=92, 8 bytes of data timeout X ACK=100 timeout Seq=100, 20 bytes of data ACK=100 ACK=120 Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=100 lost ACK scenario SendBase=100 SendBase=120 SendBase=120 Seq=92, 8 bytes of data ACK=120 premature timeout Transport Layer 3-14

15 TCP: retransmission scenarios Host A Host B Seq=92, 8 bytes of data Seq=100, 20 bytes of data timeout X ACK=100 ACK=120 Seq=120, 15 bytes of data cumulative ACK Transport Layer 3-15

16 TCP ACK generation [RFC 1122, RFC 2581] event at receiver arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. All data up to expected seq # already ACKed arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. One other segment has ACK pending arrival of out-of-order segment higher-than-expect seq. #. Gap detected arrival of segment that partially or completely fills gap TCP receiver action delayed ACK. Wait up to 500ms for next segment. If no next segment, send ACK immediately send single cumulative ACK, ACKing both in-order segments immediately send duplicate ACK, indicating seq. # of next expected byte immediate send ACK, provided that segment starts at lower end of gap Transport Layer 3-16

17 TCP fast retransmit v time-out period often relatively long: long delay before resending lost packet v detect lost segments via duplicate ACKs. sender often sends many segments backto-back if segment is lost, there will likely be many duplicate ACKs. TCP fast retransmit if sender receives 3 ACKs for same data ( triple duplicate ACKs ), resend unacked segment with smallest seq # likely that unacked segment lost, so don t wait for timeout Transport Layer 3-17

18 TCP fast retransmit Host A Host B Seq=92, 8 bytes of data Seq=100, 20 bytes of data X timeout ACK=100 ACK=100 ACK=100 ACK=100 Seq=100, 20 bytes of data fast retransmit after sender receipt of triple duplicate ACK Transport Layer 3-18

19 Chapter 3 outline 3.1 transport-layer services 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Transport Layer 3-19

20 TCP flow control application may remove data from TCP socket buffers. slower than TCP receiver is delivering (sender is sending) application process TCP socket receiver buffers TCP code application OS flow control receiver controls sender, so sender won t overflow receiver s buffer by transmitting too much, too fast from sender IP code receiver protocol stack Transport Layer 3-20

21 TCP flow control v receiver advertises free buffer space by including rwnd value in TCP header v sender limits amount of unacked data to receiver s rwnd value, how? v guarantees receive buffer will not overflow v End-to-end flow control RcvBuffer rwnd to application process buffered data free buffer space TCP segment payloads receiver-side buffering Transport Layer 3-21

22 Chapter 3 outline 3.1 transport-layer services 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Transport Layer 3-22

23 Connection Management before exchanging data, sender/receiver handshake : v agree to establish connection (each knowing the other willing to establish connection) v agree on connection parameters application connection state: ESTAB connection variables: seq # client-to-server server-to-client rcvbuffer size at server,client network application connection state: ESTAB connection Variables: seq # client-to-server server-to-client rcvbuffer size at server,client network Socket clientsocket = newsocket("hostname","port number"); Socket connectionsocket = welcomesocket.accept(); Transport Layer 3-23

24 Agreeing to establish a connection 2-way handshake: Let s talk ESTAB OK choose x req_conn(x) ESTAB acc_conn(x) ESTAB ESTAB Q: will 2-way handshake always work in network? v variable delays v retransmitted messages (e.g. req_conn(x)) due to message loss v can t see other side Transport Layer 3-24

25 Agreeing to establish a connection 2-way handshake failure scenario: THE SYN FLOOD ATTACK! choose x retransmit req_conn(x) ESTAB req_conn(x) acc_conn(x) req_conn(x) ESTAB client terminates connection x completes server forgets x half open connection! (no client!) ESTAB Transport Layer 3-25

26 TCP 3-way handshake client state LISTEN SYNSENT ESTAB choose init seq num, x send TCP SYN msg received SYNACK(x) indicates server is live; send ACK for SYNACK; this segment may contain client-to-server data SYNbit=1, Seq=x SYNbit=1, Seq=y ACKbit=1; ACKnum=x+1 ACKbit=1, ACKnum=y+1 choose init seq num, y send TCP SYNACK msg, acking SYN received ACK(y) indicates client is live Allocate memory server state LISTEN SYN RCVD ESTAB Transport Layer 3-26

27 TCP: closing a connection v client, server each close their side of connection send TCP segment with FIN bit = 1 v respond to received FIN with ACK on receiving FIN, ACK can be combined with own FIN Transport Layer 3-27

28 TCP: closing a connection client state server state ESTAB ESTAB clientsocket.close() FIN_WAIT_1 FIN_WAIT_2 can no longer send but can receive data wait for server close FINbit=1, seq=x ACKbit=1; ACKnum=x+1 can still send data CLOSE_WAIT TIMED_WAIT timed wait for 2*max segment lifetime FINbit=1, seq=y ACKbit=1; ACKnum=y+1 can no longer send data LAST_ACK CLOSED CLOSED Transport Layer 3-28

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