BNS-2000 SMDS Guide Issue 3 Release 5.0

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1 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide Issue 3 Release 5.0

2 Copyright 1998 Lucent Technologies All Rights Reserved Printed in USA BILLDATS and StarKeeper are registered trademarks of Lucent Technologies. ACCUNET is a registered trademark of AT&T. Apollo, HP, and HP-UX are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company. DataComm is a registered trademark of General DataComm, Inc. DataSMART is a registered trademark of Kentrox Industries, Inc. DECnet is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. OPEN LOOK/NLS and UNIX are registered trademarks in the United States and other countries licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. T-Serv is a trademark of Kentrox Industries, Inc. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Lucent Technologies assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

3 Contents Preface New Information Notes for Users Related Documentation xi xi xi xii Overview 1-1 New Features 1-3 SMDS Functional Description 1-4 Implementation Concepts 2-1 Addressing 2-3 Address Screening 2-6 Source Address Validation 2-7 Maximum Concurrent Data Units 2-7 Access Class 2-8 Network Example 2-8 High-level Network Routing 2-18 Internodal Routing 2-23 Administration 3-1 Administration Tasks for a New SMDS Network 3-4 Administration Procedures for an Existing SMDS Network 3-5 Troubleshooting an Administration Problem 3-21 Adding a New Node 3-28 StarKeeper II NMS Primary Core 3-50 ICI Download Connection (nmsiep) 3-50 Download ICI Configuration Data 3-50 ICI Carrier Configuration 3-51 ICI Prefix Administration 3-51 ICI Group Address Administration 3-51 SMDS Node Configuration 3-52 Threshold Profiles 3-58 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 iii

4 Trunk Modules 3-58 SSM4 Stratum 4 Clock 3-63 STR4 Stratum 4 Clock 3-65 Access Interface Modules 3-67 Subscriber Network Interfaces (SNIs) 3-69 Operations 4-1 Physical Interface and Option Settings 4-3 Removing and Restoring Modules 4-12 Power-Up Self-Test 4-12 Module and Port Reconfiguration 4-13 Measurements, Status, and Connections 4-14 Diagnostics 4-18 Trace 4-38 Interoperability with DTF Equipment 4-40 Ordering Requirements 4-41 Troubleshooting 5-1 Recommended Preparations for Troubleshooting 5-3 Common SMDS Problems 5-4 AI Module Initial Cutover Testing 5-7 ICI Initial Cutover Testing 5-10 Troubleshooting Procedures 5-11 CPE Trouble Isolation 5-59 Carrier Failure Alarms (CFAs) Problems and Actions 5-60 Transmission Errors Problems and Actions 5-62 AI-T1 and AI-E1 Module Error-Action Table 5-66 Appendix A. Task Mapping Table A-1 Appendix B. Protocol Errors, Reports, and Alarms B-1 PDU Formats B-1 DS1 and E1 PLCP Performance Monitoring and Reporting B-13 DS3 and E3 PLCP Performance Monitoring and Alarms B-23 iv BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

5 Appendix C. DS1/E1 and DS3/E3 Transmission Engineering C-1 DS1 Transmission Engineering C-1 DS3 Transmission Engineering C-24 E1 Transmission Engineering C-37 E3 Transmission Engineering C-41 Appendix D. SMDS Measurements Reports D-1 AI Measurements Reports D-2 Trunk Measurements D-15 GAR Measurements Reports D-25 Report Field Descriptions for On-Demand Reports D-28 Index I-1 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 v

6 Figures 2-1. SMDS LEC Network Example LEC A Simplified View SMDS LEC Network Example LEC A Detailed View SMDS Network Example Trunk Connections and Weights Shortest Path Tree for Node B Group Address Example SMDS Billing Diagnostic Loopback Points Loopback Test Sequence Part Loopback Test Sequence Part Loopback Test Sequence Part Loopback Test Sequence Part SMDS Test Equipment Configuration Example Network Example Network with ICIs Trace Example 5-53 B-1. Performance Report Message Structure B-16 C-1. Extended Superframe Structure C-3 C-2. Performance Report Message (PRM) Structure C-5 C-3. DS1 PLCP Frame Format C-10 C-4. USOC RJ48X Connector C-12 C-5. DS3 Signal Format C-26 C-6. DS3 PLCP Frame Format C-32 C-7. E1 PLCP Frame Format C-40 C-8. E3 PLCP Frame Format C-43 vi BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

7 Tables 2-1. EPN Ranges Address Prefixes in Network Example Assignment of E.164 Addresses to SNIs Group Addresses in Network Example Individual Address Screening Tables for Network Example Group Address Screening Tables Address Range Assignment for Example Network Threshold Parameter Support AI-T1 Pinouts (DA-15S) T1 Crossover Cable Pinouts CMC3 Jumpers AI-E1 Pinouts E1 Crossover Cable Pinouts Loopback Tests by Module Data Link Command and Response Loopback Messages C-bit FEAC Loopback Code Words Loopback Wired DA-15P Connector Loopback Wired 9-Pin Connector SIP PDUs Crossing SNIs ICIP PDUs Crossing ICIs SNI Troubleshooting Steps Checking AI Measurements Usual Causes for SIP Level 2/3 Errors Usual Causes for Logged SIP Level 3 Errors Checking Intercarrier Trunk Measurements Usual Causes for ICIP Level 2 and 3 Errors Checking GAR Module Measurements Checking Internodal Trunk Measurements Lucent Technologies LCS200 and Digital Link (DL200) DXI Options AI-T1 or AI-E1 Module Actions Taken After Various Errors 5-66 B-1. SIP L3_PDU Format B-1 B-2. DA Field Format B-2 B-3. ICIP L3_PDU Format B-3 B-4. SIP L2_PDU Format B-4 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 vii

8 B-5. Segment Type Field B-4 B-6. DS1 Performance Parameter Definitions B-17 B-7. E1 Performance Parameter Definitions B-18 B-8. DS1 Physical Layer Performance Monitoring Thresholds B-19 B-9. E1 Physical Layer Performance Monitoring Thresholds B-20 B-10. Performance Parameter Definitions B-22 B-11. DS3 Physical Layer Performance Monitoring Thresholds B-27 B-12. E3 Physical Layer Performance Monitoring Thresholds B-28 B-13. Performance Parameter Definitions B-28 C-1. Example of B8ZS Coding C-2 C-2. DS1 ESF F-Bit Assignments C-4 C-3. ESF DL Unscheduled Priority Message Code Words C-6 C-4. ESF DL Unscheduled Command and Response Message Code Words C-6 C-5. Stratum Level Requirements C-9 C-6. DACS II Required Options C-15 C-7. DACS IV-2000 Required Options C-16 C-8. IACS Required Options C-17 C-9. DDM-1000 Required Options C-18 C-10. Lucent Technologies DDM-2000 Required Options C-19 C-11. General DataComm 551 CSU Required Options C-20 C-12. ADC Kentrox T-Serv II CSU Required Options C-21 C-13. ADC Kentrox DataSMART SMDSU Required Options C-22 C-14. Digital Link DL200 Required Options C-23 C-15. Example of B3ZS Coding C-25 C-16. DS3 C-Bit Parity M-Frame Structure C-27 C-17. Far-End Alarm and Status Signal Codes C-28 C-18. Bit-oriented Signals C-bit Parity Loopback Commands C-29 C-19. DDM-1000 Required Options C-34 C-20. ADC Kentrox DataSMART 45 SMDSU Required Options C-35 C-21. Digital Link DL3200 DSM T3 SMDS Converter Required Options C-36 C-22. Bits 1 8 of E1 Frame C-38 C-23. CRC4 Multiframe Structure C-39 C-24. E3 SMDS Frame Format C-42 viii BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

9 Procedures 3-1. Adding Carrier Information About Your Company Configuring a Node as an ICI Node Adding an SR/SA to a Node Deleting an SR/SA from a Node Changing an SR/SA Adding an Internodal Trunk Adding an Official (Private InterLATA) Trunk Adding an Intercarrier Trunk - Serving Arrangement Adding an Intercarrier Trunk - LEC Side of a LEC-to-IC Connection Adding an Intercarrier Trunk - IC Side of a LEC-to-IC Connection Adding an SNI Adding a Group Address Using a Nested Group Address (NGA) Changing a Group Address Backing Up the ICI Configuration Restoring the ICI Configuration Moving ICI Data From One Core System to Another Core System Displaying the Connection Status Connecting Your Graphics System to the Primary Core Disconnecting from the Primary Core Determining the Primary Core Designation Designating the Primary Core Removing the Primary Core Designation Assigning a LATA ID to a Node Unable To Locate Primary Core Found More Than One Primary Core Resolving an Empty Carrier, LATA Or Group Address Choose List Loading a Trunk or SNI and ***UNKNOWN*** is the Carrier Selecting t3i As The Trunk Type Selecting t3s as the Trunk Type For Either End Of The Trunk Specifying the Traffic Type Selecting Official as the Traffic Type ici_dl Does Not Update a Node Duplicate Trunks Adding an SNI When an AI Module Is Not Configured Defining Basic Node Parameters Setting MRC Parameters Entering Shelves 3-32 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 ix

10 3-39. Administering the ssm4 Module (CMA1/CNA1/CMC3) Administering the str4 Module (CTG13/CNA7) Setting Up Exchanges with Multiple Nodes Enabling Directory Assistance Administering Billing Administering a Connection to the M Port Administering the Node for a StarKeeper II NMS Connection via Port B Connecting StarKeeper II NMS Directly to the Node Connecting StarKeeper II NMS to a Remote Node Adding the Administration and Performance Connections to StarKeeper II NMS Setting the Active Alarm Variable Adding a New Node and Configuring Connections to StarKeeper II NMS Entering a Trunk on the StarKeeper II NMS Core System Preparing for Troubleshooting AI Module Initial Cutover Testing ICI Initial Cutover Testing Collecting Customer Data Locating the AI Port Checking the Network Map Checking AI Port Status Checking AI Measurements Checking Trunk Status Checking Trunk Routing Checking Intercarrier Trunk Measurements Checking GAR Module Status Checking GAR Module Measurements Checking Internodal Trunk Measurements Setting a Trace at an SNI 5-55 x BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

11 Preface The BNS-2000 SMDS Guide describes Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) in a BNS-2000 network. It covers implementation concepts, administration, and operations, and provides troubleshooting procedures. This document gives an overall perspective of SMDS. Components of an SMDS network, such as nodes, trunks, Access Interface (AI) modules, and the LCS200 Network Router, are described in detail in other documents. The information in this document is intended for network planners, network engineers, and network administrators. A familiarity with SMDS features, characteristics, and requirements, as specified in the Bellcore Technical References, is assumed. New Information Release 5.0 of BNS-2000 expands previous BNS-2000 SMDS service to include support of the the following shelf configurations: the standard BNS-2000 shelf configuration of three Series M2 Extension Shelves with the standard Stratum 4 (ssm4) clocking and switch (CMA1/CNA1/CMC3) the extended shelf configuration that supports a maximum of five Series M2 Extension Shelves with the extended Stratum 4 (str4) clocking and switch complex (CTG13/CNA7). In addition, the latest release of the StarKeeper II Network Management System (NMS), Release 9.0 is supported, along with its new hardware platform, the Hewlett-Packard HP Apollo Series C-110 (HP-C110). Notes for Users This document is organized into the following sections: Overview Implementation Concepts Gives an overview of BNS-2000 SMDS features and node configuration. Explains the technical aspects of implementing an SMDS switching system. Covers addressing, routing, and address screening using a simplified network example. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 xi

12 Preface Administration Operations Troubleshooting Appendix A. Task Mapping Table Appendix B. Protocol Errors, Reports, and Alarms Appendix C. DS1/E1 and DS3/E3 Transmission Engineering Appendix D. SMDS Measurements Reports Describes the specific administrative steps required to administer a BNS-2000 SMDS network, managed by StarKeeper II NMS. Summarizes the tasks and procedures for day-to-day operations of a BNS-2000 SMDS network. Also included are the options to specify when ordering data transmission service to support SMDS. Provides an overall view of troubleshooting procedures available for the BNS-2000 products supporting SMDS, as well as troubleshooting advice for typical network problems. Lists the BNS-2000 and StarKeeper II NMS commands needed to carry out the administrative and operating tasks covered in the Administration, Operations, and Troubleshooting chapters. Covers the details of SMDS Level 2 and Level 3 protocols, data formats, and error conditions. Gives detailed information about physical interfaces, data transmission frame formats, and AI-T1/AI-E1, AI-T3/AI- T3P/AI-E3, and Trunk-T3 (TRK-T3)/Trunk-E3 (TRK-E3) module interoperability with SMDS equipment. Lists the reports available when using the smeas command for AI, Trunk, and GAR modules. Related Documentation Publications describes the complete documentation set available for the product line; see the inside front cover of this reference guide for ordering information. The following documents cover the components used in providing SMDS service: BNS-2000 Node Reference BNS-2000 System Description BNS-2000 Access Interface Module Reference Data Networking Products M2 Trunk Module Reference Data Networking Products Commands Reference Data Networking Products Messages Reference Data Networking Products Planning Guide xii BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

13 Preface StarKeeper II NMS documents required for SMDS administration include: StarKeeper II NMS Graphics System Guide StarKeeper II NMS Core System Guide StarKeeper II NMS Planning Guide StarKeeper II NMS SNMP Proxy Agent Guide StarKeeper II NMS CCS Service Administrator s Guide StarKeeper II NMS CCS End User Administrator s Guide The following Bellcore documents are the industry standards on SMDS requirements: Generic System Requirements in Support of Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service, Publication Number TR-TSV Local Access System Generic Requirements, Objectives, and Interfaces in Support of Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service, Publication Number TR-TSV SMDS Operations Technology Network Element Generic Requirements Publication Number TR-TSV Usage Measurement Generic Requirements in Support of Billing for Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service, Publications Number TR-TSV Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service Generic Requirements for Exchange Access and Intercompany Serving Arrangements, Publications Number TR-TSV Operations Technology Generic Criteria in Support of Exchange Access and Intercompany Serving Arrangements, Publications Number TR-TSV The following European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) documents are additional industry standards on SMDS requirements: Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) for Megabits per second, Publications Number ETS Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) for Megabits per second, Publications Number ETS The European SMDS Interest Group (ESIG) publication SMDS Subscriber Network Access Facility Service and Level 2 and 3 Subscriber Network Interface Specification, Edition 1.1, June 1992, Publications Number ESIG-TS-001/1992 is also useful. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 xiii

14 Overview New Features 1-3 Nationwide SMDS 1-3 Intercompany Serving Arrangements 1-3 InterCarrier Interface 1-4 Separate Routing for Official Traffic 1-4 SMDS Functional Description 1-4 Switching Node Architecture 1-5 Access Interface (AI) Modules 1-5 Connectionless Trunk Modules 1-6 Group Address Resolver (GAR) Module 1-7 BNS-microSwitch 1-7 Subscriber Equipment 1-8 Connectionless Routing 1-8 SMDS Billing 1-9 Network Management System 1-9 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

15 Overview Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) is a high-speed, connectionless, public packetswitched service. SMDS provides the features and performance of local area networks (LANs) over a wide area. With the current release of BNS-2000, SMDS providers can interconnect their networks, enabling them to offer service to more subscribers over wider areas. New Features The following sections describe the new SMDS features available in the current release of BNS Nationwide SMDS In a nationwide SMDS network, carriers provide services to SMDS subscribers and to each other. These services are described below: Exchange SMDS is the transport of data units between SMDS subscribers located in the same exchange serving area. In general, Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs) define exchange serving areas. Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) provide Exchange SMDS to subscribers they serve directly. Government regulations generally prohibit LECs from transporting their subscriber s data across LATA boundaries. Interexchange SMDS is the transport of data units between SMDS subscribers located in different LATAs. Interexchange Carriers (ICs) provide Interexchange SMDS to subscribers served by LECs and to subscribers they serve directly. Exchange Access SMDS (XA-SMDS) is the means by which a LEC provides its subscribers access to Interexchange SMDS and to subscribers served directly by ICs. A LEC provides XA-SMDS to an IC. It gives the IC access to all subscribers that are served by the LEC. For originating XA-SMDS, the LEC delivers a subscriber s data unit to the IC of the subscriber s choice. For terminating XA-SMDS, the LEC delivers data units arriving from an IC to subscribers the LEC serves directly. A BNS-2000 network can serve as an SMDS switching system for both LECs and ICs. The current release of BNS-2000 enables LECs to offer Exchange SMDS and XA-SMDS, and allows ICs to use XA-SMDS and to offer Interexchange SMDS. Intercompany Serving Arrangements Several LECs may be in a LATA, each offering SMDS to a portion of the LATA. To provide Exchange SMDS to subscribers served by different LECs in the same LATA, LECs connect their networks and establish intercompany serving arrangements. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 1-3

16 Overview With the current release of BNS-2000, LECs can establish serving arrangements in a LATA and still keep the operation and administration of their networks separate. InterCarrier Interface The current release of BNS-2000 supports a Bellcore-defined network-to-network interface called an InterCarrier Interface (ICI). XA-SMDS and intercompany serving arrangements are available via the ICI. Since the ICI is an open interface, BNS-2000 networks can interconnect with other vendors SMDS networks that comply with the Bellcore requirements. Separate Routing for Official Traffic Many LECs are both providers and users of SMDS. When a LEC provides service to itself, the endpoints it operates are referred to as official endpoints, for historical reasons. LECs typically operate networks that span many LATAs and, as users of SMDS, need to transport data between official endpoints in different LATAs. While LECs are not permitted to transport their customer s data across LATA boundaries, they can carry their own official, or private, traffic. With the current release of BNS-2000, LECs can connect their networks in different LATAs with private interlata trunks. Traffic that originates from an official endpoint can cross private interlata trunks to reach endpoints served by the LEC in a different LATA. Traffic from other endpoints must use the services of an IC to reach endpoints outside the originating LATA. SMDS Functional Description The Lucent Technologies BNS-2000 switch provides a high-speed, high-performance networking platform. The BNS-2000 switch uses a distributed topology, so that BNS-2000 nodes can be located to optimize network access and operation. This section briefly describes BNS-2000 SMDS Switching System components. It covers the following topics: switching node architecture Access Interface modules connectionless (CLNS) trunks Group Address Resolver (GAR) module BNS-microSwitch subscriber equipment for SMDS connectionless routing SMDS billing StarKeeper II NMS 1-4 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

17 Overview Switching Node Architecture A BNS-2000 node contains two types of cabinets, or shelves. Series M2 Shelves include the Series M2 Switch Shelf and the Series M2 Extension Shelf. All shelves share a common 200 Mbps backplane. The two Series M2 Extension Shelf configurations are the following: The standard BNS-2000 shelf configuration consists of three Series M2 Extension Shelves with the Stratum 4 (ssm4) clock and switch (CMA1/CNA1/CMC3). The extended shelf configuration consists of a maximum of five Series M2 Extension Shelves with the Stratum 4 (str4) clock and switch complex (CTG13/CNA7). See the BNS-2000 Node Reference, the BNS-2000 System Description, and the Data Networking Products Planning Guide for specific details on BNS-2000 node architecture. The Access Interface (AI), CLNS trunk, and GAR modules all reside on Series M2 Shelves. With extended shelf configurations, the GAR and all Series M2 trunk modules can only reside in Series M2 Shelves that are numbered 0, 1, 2, and 3. Series M1 Shelves include the Series M1 Control Shelf and the Series M1 Port Shelf. Each Series M1 shelf has a separate 8 Mbps backplane. Series M1 Port Shelves are optional and provide additional slots for user interface and trunk modules, which neither carry nor interact with SMDS/CLNS traffic. Access Interface (AI) Modules AI modules provide SMDS subscribers access to an SMDS network through one or more Subscriber Network Interfaces (SNIs). The SNI is the interface between a carrier s SMDS network and the subscriber-owned, customer premises equipment (CPE). At this interface, the CPE attaches to an access facility such as a DS1 digital transmission facility (DTF) that connects it via a dedicated path to the AI module in a Series M2 Shelf. See the list below for a description of the supported AI modules. See the BNS-2000 Access Interface Module Reference for more details. The Access Interface T1 (AI-T1) module provides four DS1-rate SNIs. This module has four separate ports; each port functions independently of the others. This module does not support fractional T1 rates. The Access Interface E1 (AI-E1) module provides three E1-rate SNIs. This module has three separate ports; each port functions independently of the others. This module does not support fractional E1 rates. The Access Interface T3 (AI-T3) module provides a single DS3-rate SNI. The Access Interface E3 (AI-E3) module provides a single E3-rate SNI. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 1-5

18 Overview The Access Interface T3P (AI-T3P) module also provides one DS3-rate SNI. The AI-T3P is a two-board module, with one board dedicated to handling ingress traffic and one board dedicated to handling egress traffic. This allows the AI-T3P to achieve higher level of performance for full-duplex traffic (simultaneous ingress and egress traffic) than the AI-T3. Connectionless Trunk Modules Connectionless (CLNS) trunk modules connect BNS-2000 nodes within a SMDS network; they can also connect two carriers SMDS networks. The following sections describe trunk modules that carry SMDS traffic. See the Data Networking Products M2 Trunk Module Reference for more details. All CLNS trunks, which are also referred to as Series M2 Trunks, reside in a Series M2 Shelf. In standard configurations with up to three Series M2 Extension Shelves, the Series M2 trunks can reside in any numbered Series M2 Shelf. In extended configurations with up to five Series M2 Extension Shelves, the Series M2 trunks must reside in Series M2 Shelves numbered 0, 1, 2, or 3. Internodal Trunks LECs use internodal trunks to connect BNS-2000 nodes within a LATA. ICs use internodal trunks to connect all BNS-2000 nodes in their networks, regardless of LATA boundaries. The Trunk-T3 (TRK-T3) and Trunk-E3 (TRK-E3) modules transport both connectionless and connection-oriented traffic between nodes at DS3 and E3 rates, respectively. The Trunk-T3S (TRK-T3S), Trunk-E3S (TRK-E3S), Trunk-T3A (TRK-T3A), and Trunk-E3A (TRK-E3A) are upgraded versions of these modules, which, in addition to being internodal trunks, are required in networks that have intercarrier or private interlata trunks. Intercarrier Trunks An intercarrier trunk connects a BNS-2000 network to another carrier s network across an ICI. The Trunk-T3I (TRK-T3I) module provides a T3-rate ICI and carries only connectionless traffic. The Trunk-T3I is a two-board set module, with one board dedicated to handling ingress traffic and one board, egress traffic. The Trunk-T3I has three different applications: A LEC provides XA-SMDS to an IC. The TRK-T3I is on the LEC side of an IC-to-LEC connection. An IC obtains XA-SMDS from a LEC. The TRK-T3I is on the IC side of an IC-to-LEC connection. An intercompany serving arrangement between two LECs. The TRK-T3I is on one side of a LEC-to-LEC connection, where both LECs reside in the same LATA. 1-6 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

19 Overview Private InterLATA Trunks Private interlata trunks are used by LECs to connect BNS-2000 nodes that reside in different LATAs. The Trunk-T3S (TRK-T3S) and Trunk-T3A (TRK-T3A) can be configured as private interlata trunks. They carry both official connectionless and connection-oriented traffic between nodes at T3 rates. Group Address Resolver (GAR) Module The GAR module works in concert with the TRK-T3I module to provide group-addressed data unit transport across several carriers networks. The GAR module enables a carrier to serve as a Group Address Agent (GAA) for group addresses that have members outside the carrier s local network. The GAR module is not needed in every network; it is only needed in SMDS networks that are serving as GAAs for group addresses that have members outside the carrier s local network. In networks in which the GAR module is needed, it must reside in a Series M2 Shelf. In standard configurations with up to three Series M2 Extension Shelves, the GAR module can reside in any numbered shelf. In extended configurations with up to five Series M2 Extension Shelves, the GAR module must reside in shelves numbered 0, 1, 2, or 3. For more information on the GAR module, see the BNS-2000 Node Reference, and for more information on group addressing, see the Implementation Concepts chapter in this guide. BNS-microSwitch The BNS-microSwitch is a 32-port SMDS switch that supports the Data Exchange Interface/Subscriber Network Interface (DXI/SNI) specification defined by the SMDS Interest Group (SIG) in SIG-TS-005/1993. The BNS-microSwitch supports access speeds of 56 Kbps (or lower) through T1, enabling low-cost SMDS access via two-wire loop technology, for example, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). The BNS-microSwitch supports DXI encapsulation of SMDS packets that is consistent with the SMDS encapsulation defined by the SIG in SIG-TS- 001/1991 and currently used by many existing routers, including the LCS200 Network Router. The BNS-microSwitch can be used to add low-speed High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)- framed V.35 access ports to a BNS-2000 SMDS network through a standard four-wire interface to the AI-T1 module and can operate as a stand-alone SMDS switch. The BNS-microSwitch can connect CPE via ordinary data service units (DSUs), digital voice/data multiplexers (VDMs), or two-wire ISDN access. It provides interworking between frame-based and cell-based SMDS access. The BNS-microSwitch can switch SMDS packets locally; packets originating within the BNSmicroSwitch and destined for another port on that same BNS-microSwitch can be switched by the BNS-microSwitch. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 1-7

20 Overview Subscriber Equipment Subscriber equipment (commonly called customer premises equipment [CPE] by service providers) connects to the network at the SNI. DS1 SMDS can be supported on any LCS200 network router subscriber equipment with the purchase of SMDS software and an SMDS DS-1 DSU. A V.35 cable connects the router WAN Port to the DSU. DS3 SMDS is supported on the Backbone Link and Backbone Concentrator LCS200 models with the purchase of SMDS software, a High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) Card, and an SMDS DS-3 DSU. An HSSI cable connects the router WAN Port to the DSU. Digital Link SMDS DSUs utilize the SMDS Data Exchange Interface (DXI) to connect to the LCS200. Digital Link models are certified for use with the LCS200 and are available from Lucent Technologies Network Systems. See the LCS200 documentation for more detail. In general, the subscriber equipment may be a router or bridge/router. The router and its associated DSU must implement the same SMDS interface as the AI module to which it is connected. The function of the router is to take messages from the LAN (such as a local Ethernet segment) and send them to the BNS-2000 node for delivery to a router at some other point in the network. SMDS subscriber equipment manufactured by other router vendors may also be attached to the AI modules. Connectionless Routing SMDS traffic is connectionless traffic, sometimes called datagram service. Routing for connectionless traffic is entirely different from routing for connection-oriented traffic, which the BNS-2000 node also supports. To route connection-oriented traffic, the network must first establish a virtual circuit (VC). Once such a circuit is established, a series of messages can be exchanged between the source and the destination endpoints. In contrast, connectionless traffic is broken into individual messages at the source, and these messages are routed independently through the network. The originating router segments each SMDS data unit (Level 3 Protocol Data Unit, or L3_PDU) into fixed-length Level 2 PDUs (L2_PDUs). The L2_PDU carrying the first segment of each message contains the addressing information for the message and a message identifier/identification (MID) field. The addressing information is used to determine the routing for that message. If more than one segment is in the message, each L2_PDU after the first one is routed according to the MID. An L2_PDU traverses BNS-2000 switching nodes from the source to the destination without the need to establish any virtual circuits along the route. Thus, for connectionless routing, a virtual circuit is never required. 1-8 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

21 Overview In a network providing connectionless network service (CLNS), the end user is not aware of the existence of the switching network between LAN segments; as a rule, the network appears to the user to be an extension to the local segment of the LAN. In this environment, routing is accomplished dynamically by logic in the SMDS Switching System that refers to a set of routing tables. The connectionless routing tables are set up by each switching node, based on the network topology and network addresses that have been administered. The basic principle of connectionless routing is that each L2_PDU is broadcast on the backplane bus to all SMDS modules. If the L2_PDU is addressed to an SNI at a local AI module, that module responds by delivering it to the destination SNI. If the L2_PDU is addressed to an SNI on a remote node, the appropriate connectionless trunk module routes it towards that node. Each node along the route forwards it in a similar fashion until it reaches the node to which the destination SNI is attached. Once the L2_PDU reaches the destination node, it is delivered by a local AI module to the destination SNI. Therefore each AI or trunk module responds only to L2_PDUs that are addressed to endpoints within its jurisdiction. An AI module determines whether to receive a L2_PDU according to the addresses that are administered for its SNIs. A trunk module determines whether to forward a L2_PDU according to the connectionless routing tables. SMDS Billing SMDS is a connectionless service. Connect or disconnect events do not occur for a call. Billing data must be counted in terms of the number of packets transmitted across a network egress point over a particular interval of time for an individual source and destination address pair. The BNS SMDS billing feature consists of all the functions needed to provide a Revenue Accounting Office (RAO) with usage information in order to bill individual customers for their intra-network usage. See the Administration chapter for more information on SMDS billing. Network Management System The StarKeeper II NMS supports network management for SMDS in the BNS-2000 network. The StarKeeper II NMS operates as a supervisory system for a BNS-2000 SMDS Switching System, as mandated by Bellcore requirements. The StarKeeper II NMS graphics applications provide task-oriented windows for the system administrator. These applications are built upon the OPEN LOOK/NLS Graphical User Interface (GUI) platform. For SMDS support, several products are required and others are optional. The required products include: The StarKeeper II NMS Core System establishes, monitors, and maintains connections to network elements; collects, stores, and forwards network information such as alarms, performance data, and call activity data; performs self-monitoring tasks, such as checking available disk space; maintains network connectivity information and configuration information; and provides an interface to administer physical resources on BNS-2000 nodes. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 1-9

22 Overview StarKeeper II NMS Task Manager is the base software package on which Network Builder and the optional StarKeeper II NMS graphics applications packages are installed. Task Manager provides the administrator with the basic services that are necessary to monitor and maintain the health of the workstation, its optional graphical applications, and its connections to Core processors. In addition, Task Manager provides user-friendly access to graphics applications and provides a Cut-Through application service to the Core system. StarKeeper II NMS Network Builder is a graphics-based software application that allows a network administrator to configure and analyze a network from one centralized location. It is required for the configuration of SMDS networks. Network Builder also produces a comprehensive set of global reports that allow you to view resources for SNIs (such as the E.164 addresses used) for the network as a whole. Optional StarKeeper II NMS products include: StarKeeper II NMS Network Monitor is a graphics-oriented application that is used with StarKeeper II NMS to support nodes and servers in the BNS-2000 product line. Network Monitor provides alarms and diagnostics on geographic displays of network maps. StarKeeper II NMS Performance Reporter is a graphics-oriented application that is used in conjunction with StarKeeper II NMS to support the BNS-2000 products. It provides a menudriven graphical user interface (GUI) to the basic StarKeeper II NMS reporting capabilities, as well as enhanced reporting features such as exception reports and scheduled requests. Report output can be presented in graphical format. StarKeeper II NMS Platforms New installations of StarKeeper II NMS are supported on Hewlett-Packard HP Apollo 9000 Series C110 (HP C110) workstations. Upgrades are supported on HP 720 and HP 730 models, and on the HP Series 715/33, Series 715/64, Series 717/75, and the Series 715/100. The required operating system on all machine types is HP-UX The Core System can run on one workstation, while graphics applications can run on a separate workstation. For smaller systems, the Core System and the Graphic applications can be coresident. For information about StarKeeper II NMS configurations, refer to the StarKeeper II NMS Planning Guide BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

23 Implementation Concepts Addressing 2-3 Connection-Oriented Addressing and Connectionless Service 2-3 SNI Address Limits 2-4 Assigning Addresses to Nodes 2-4 Assigning Addresses to Networks 2-5 Address Screening 2-6 Source Address Validation 2-7 Maximum Concurrent Data Units 2-7 Access Class 2-8 Network Example 2-8 High-level Network Routing 2-18 Group Address Resolution 2-19 Maximum Arrival Rate (MAR) Threshold 2-19 LEC Networks 2-20 IC Networks 2-22 Internodal Routing 2-23 Trunk Screening Tables 2-24 Trunk Weight 2-24 Trunk Routing Tables 2-24 Routing Algorithm Process 2-30 Similarities Between Trunk and GAR Modules 2-34 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

24 Implementation Concepts This chapter summarizes the implementation of an SMDS Switching System in a BNS-2000 network. The following topics are discussed: addressing and address screening source address validation intercarrier routing internodal routing Addressing Each SMDS endpoint is identified by an individual 15-digit E.164 address. BNS-2000 supports administration of group addresses that conform to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). These are 10-digit numbers consisting of a 3-digit service region (SR), a 3-digit service area (SA), and a 4-digit endpoint number (EPN). Rules governing how to assign the SR, SA, and EPN are explained in the next sections. Adding a country code (CC) to the beginning of an NANP number fits an address into the E.164 plan. North America is assigned the country code 1. The last four digits of the E.164 address are unused. Each endpoint may also be a member of one or more groups; groups enable messages to be broadcast to multiple recipients and are identified by an E.164 address. BNS-2000 supports administration of group addresses that conform to the NANP. The numbers assigned to group addresses do not need to be distinct from individual addresses. A conflict does not occur if a group address is the same as an individual address. See the Planning Guide for more information on addressing concepts. Connection-Oriented Addressing and Connectionless Service BNS-2000 networks use mnemonic and X.121 numeric addresses to identify the endpoints of virtual circuits in those networks. The network addresses for connection-oriented network service (CONS) have components called SR, SA, and EPN. Addresses for CONS in BNS-2000 networks are completely unrelated to the addresses used for SMDS connectionless routing, even though the formats and components may be similar. For instance, it is possible that a node could be assigned to SR 123 for SMDS CLNS, while also being assigned to SR 456 for CONS. The SMDS addresses would be assigned only through StarKeeper II NMS Network Builder, while the connection-oriented addresses could also be administered via the enter/change node and enter/change address commands at the node console. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 2-3

25 Implementation Concepts It is also possible for a given SR+SA+EPN combination to be used as an SMDS E.164 address and assigned to an SNI, while the same SR+SA+EPN is used as a connection-oriented address and assigned to a completely different endpoint in the same node or a different node. SNI Address Limits Addresses assigned to SNIs are subject to certain limits: Each SNI may be associated with a maximum of 16 (32 if attached to a BNS-microSwitch) individual E.164 addresses (16 endpoints, or 32 endpoints for a BNS-microSwitch) and must have at least one unique individual E.164 address. There is an overall limit of 1,600 individual addresses per node. In addition to individual addresses, each SNI may also be associated with up to 48 group addresses. There is an overall limit of 4,800 group addresses per node. There is an overall limit on the size of address screening tables for each SNI; the number of addresses in the group screening table, plus the number of addresses in the individual screening table, cannot exceed 128 for each SNI. As long as the number of addresses in both tables combined is less than 128, either table can be any size up to the maximum. Assigning Addresses to Nodes The network routing software uses node address assignments. Each node automatically informs other nodes in the network of the addresses associated with it. Nodes receiving this and other routing information use it to construct tables so that they can route traffic to that node for those addresses. Before individual addresses can be assigned to SNIs, SMDS SRs, SAs, and EPN ranges must be assigned to the node as a whole, using StarKeeper II NMS Network Builder. The rules for assigning these addresses are as follows: Each node can be assigned one SMDS SR. An SR can contain any number of nodes up to 60. Each node can be assigned up to ten SAs. Each SR/SA can be assigned to a maximum of ten nodes. The EPNs in an SA are assigned to nodes in blocks of Each block of 1000 EPNs is called an EPN range. For a given SA, a node may have any or all of the assignable EPN ranges. The following table lists these ranges. 2-4 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

26 Implementation Concepts TABLE 2-1. EPN Ranges EPN Endpoint Range Numbers Overall, up to 100 EPN ranges can be assigned per node. In general, the number of addresses supported on a node (as entire SAs and as EPN ranges) usually exceeds the number of addresses actually assigned to SNIs. For instance, if a node is assigned six EPN ranges (for instance, from ), it is likely that a subset of the EPNs between 4000 and 9999 will be assigned to SNIs in the node and the balance will be unused. Unused EPNs in a node are available for future assignment to SNIs in that node. They cannot be assigned to SNIs in any other node. Assigning Addresses to Networks The sections below explain how a LEC network and an IC network administer addresses. LEC Networks A LEC administers all 6-digit address prefixes (SR+SA) assigned to the LATAs in which they operate. This includes all prefixes assigned to their BNS-2000 nodes and all prefixes assigned to other LECs operating in the same LATAs with which they have serving arrangements. It may also include prefixes that are assigned to a LATA in which the LEC operates that have not been assigned to a node. LECs do not administer any addresses assigned to LATAs in which they do not operate. IC Networks An IC administers all 6-digit prefixes assigned to the LECs from which they obtain XA-SMDS. In addition, they administer the 6-digit prefixes assigned to their own BNS-2000 nodes. BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 2-5

27 Implementation Concepts Network Address Limits Limits on network addresses are as follows: 64 six-digit address prefixes per LATA per LEC. 3,200 six-digit prefixes for an IC network, which are the set of prefixes assigned to the IC network and all LEC networks to which it is connected. 8 SRs per LATA. All 6-digit prefixes assigned to a LATA must begin with 1 of 8 three-digit prefixes (SRs). 8 SRs per IC network. All six-digit prefixes assigned to the nodes in an IC network must begin with 1 of 8 three-digit prefixes, which does not include the prefixes that are assigned to the LEC networks served by the IC. Address Screening In CONS, address screening may be used to restrict the delivery of SMDS data units to and from specific destinations. The type of address screening depends on whether a message is entering or leaving the network, and whether it is individually addressed or group-addressed. Source address screening is applied to messages leaving the network (egress), before they are transmitted to the CPE attached to an SNI. Source address screening is also applied to terminating XA-SMDS PDUs. When an AI module receives a message to send out on a link to the CPE, it looks up the source address (the address of the sender) in its screening table. A source address is always an individual address (never a group address), so the module always uses the individual address screening table. Destination address screening applies to messages entering the network (ingress), before they are accepted from the CPE attached to an SNI and sent to a remote destination. Destination address screening also applies to originating XA-SMDS PDUs. When an AI module receives a message from the CPE, it looks up the destination address in the appropriate screening table: If the destination address is a group address, it uses the group address screening table. If the destination address is an individual address, it uses the individual address screening table. Each SNI has one individual address screening table, which is used to screen the source and destination address for individually addressed messages, and it has one group address screening table, which is used to screen the destination address for group-addressed messages. 2-6 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

28 Implementation Concepts A screening table has two elements: a list of addresses an indicator denoting whether the addresses in this list are allowed access or disallowed access A message will pass address screening in either of two cases: If the endpoint being screened is an included address, the requirements are as follows: The address in the message is listed in the screening table. The address screening table indicator allows access for the listed addresses. If the endpoint being screened is NOT an excluded address, The requirements are as follows: The address in the message is not listed in the screening table. The address screening table indicator disallows access for the listed addresses. If the message passes screening, it may proceed through the network or across the SNI. Otherwise, the message is dropped and a Destination Screening Violation or Source Screening Violation is logged in the disagreement log. (See Appendix D. SMDS Measurements Reports.) Each SNI has a separate address screening table for individual addresses and group addresses. If an address screening is not specified for an SNI, the default case is an empty screening table with a disallowed indicator. In that case, addresses are not disallowed; meaning, restrictions are not imposed on the destinations or sources of any messages. (For complete specifications of address screening, refer to the Bellcore Technical References for SMDS listed in the Preface.) Source Address Validation Source address validation checks the source address against the E.164 addresses assigned to the source SNI. This feature, which applies to both Exchange SMDS and originating XA-SMDS, prevents the use of fraudulent source addresses. Maximum Concurrent Data Units After it starts to transmit the first segment of a multi-segment message, a customer router may have other messages queued for transmission. The SMDS Interface Protocol (SIP) allows more than one message to be sent or received concurrently through an SNI, so that several messages may be in transit in the network concurrently. The number of messages that an SNI can send or receive concurrently is called the maximum concurrent data units (MCDU). The value of the MCDU for an SNI can be set to 1 or 16 (or 32 if attached to a BNS-microSwitch). If it is left at its default value of 1, concurrent transfer of messages is not allowed. If it is set to 16 (or 32), up to sixteen (or 32) messages may be in transit concurrently. This value can be set for each SNI for ingress (from the CPE) and for egress (to the CPE). BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3 2-7

29 Implementation Concepts Messages may be sent concurrently between networks via an ICI. The MCDU for ICI ingress is set to 512, the maximum for Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) access. The MCDU for ICI egress can be set to 128 or 512. The larger value should be used unless the other carrier s switching system has limited capability. Access Class For DS3 SMDS access, five access classes are defined: access classes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, corresponding to the Sustained Information Rate (SIR) of 4, 10, 16, 25, and 34 Mbps, respectively. For E3 SMDS access, only access classes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are applicable. The SMDS access class mechanism, as defined by the Bellcore standards, is intended to prescribe limits on the rate of sustained information transfer from the CPE to the network, and on the burstiness of the information transfer from the CPE to the network. Therefore, from a service provider s perspective, access class is defined for traffic in the ingress direction into the service provider s network. It is not applicable to egress traffic from the network to the CPE. As defined in the standards, access class is designed to be a protection mechanism for the service provider s network. It is not intended to be (nor should it be used as) a guarantee of the enduser s throughput. Actual end-to-end throughput for the user is dependent on a variety of factors, including the size of the user messages (the size of the L3_PDUs), the specific data traffic pattern, the number of nodes and trunks in the network, and the load of the other system resources (for example, trunks) in the network at the time. Access class for an end-user is determined at subscription time. An end-user can subscribe to a particular access class based on the specific application needs. Both the AI-T3 module and the AI-T3P module can be configured for access class 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. As stated earlier, the actual performance of the module varies depending on, among other factors, the size of the message and the specific mix of the ingress and egress traffic data. The AI-T3 module is a single-board module that provides DS3 SMDS access. For very large messages with only ingress traffic (for which access class is defined), the AI-T3 module can support access class 5 performance. The AI-T3P module is a high performance, two-board DS3 SMDS module, with one board dedicated to the handling of ingress traffic and the other board dedicated to the handling of egress traffic. This allows the AI-T3P module to support access class 5 performance even when handling heavy traffic in both the ingress and egress directions simultaneously. Network Example This section presents an example of a four-node BNS-2000 network with several internodal and intercarrier trunks. In this example, the network is operated by LEC A in LATA 753. LEC A provides XA-SMDS to IC X. LEC A also has a serving arrangement with LEC B, another Local Exchange Carrier operating in the same LATA as LEC A. 2-8 BNS-2000 SMDS Guide, Release 5.0, Issue 3

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