CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet
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1 CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet Katia Obraczka Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 11 CMPE 80N Fall'10 1
2 Announcements Forum #2 due on CMPE 80N Fall'10 2
3 Last class Finished Web caching. Web caching hierarchy. Local cache (on the client s machine). Proxy cache (or proxy server). Server cache. CMPE 80N Fall'10 3
4 Last Class DNS. Distributed versus centralized service. Hierarchy of names. Hierarchy makes it easier to partition and distribute the database. Hierarchy also makes it easier to administer the system. Decentralization and autonomy! Root domain and TLDs. Name servers. Authoritative name server. CMPE 80N Fall'10 4
5 Last Class DNS caching. DNS records. DNS protocol. CMPE 80N Fall'10 5
6 The Transport Layer CMPE 80N Fall'10 6
7 Transport services and protocols provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts. transport protocols run in end systems: sender: breaks app messages into segments, passes to network layer. receiver: reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer. application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical CMPE 80N Fall'10 7
8 Internet transport-layer protocols reliable, in-order delivery (TCP). congestion control flow control connection setup unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP. no-frills extension of besteffort IP services not available: delay guarantees bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical application transport network data link physical CMPE 80N Fall'10 8
9 Multiplexing/demultiplexing Demultiplexing at receiver host: delivering received segments to correct process. = process Multiplexing at send host: gathering data from multiple processes, enveloping data with header (later used for demultiplexing). application P3 P1 P1 application P2 P4 application transport transport transport network network network link link link physical physical physical host 1 host 2 host 3 CMPE 80N Fall'10 9
10 How demultiplexing works Receiver host uses IP addresses & port numbers to direct segment to appropriate process. 32 bits source port # dest port # other header fields application data (message) TCP/UDP segment format CMPE 80N Fall'10 10
11 UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768] Bare bones Internet transport protocol Best effort service, UDP segments may be: Lost. Delivered out of order to application. connectionless: No handshaking between UDP sender, receiver. Each UDP segment handled independently of others. Why is there a UDP? Connection establishment adds delay. Simple: no connection state at sender, receiver. Small segment header. No congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired. CMPE 80N Fall'10 11
12 UDP Communication UDP provides best-effort delivery semantics. This means messages can be: Lost Duplicated Delayed Delivered out-of-order Corrupted CMPE 80N Fall'10 12
13 UDP Communication (Cont d) UDP's best-effort delivery semantics have important consequences for applications: An application must either be immune to the problems or the programmer must take additional steps to detect and correct problems. CMPE 80N Fall'10 13
14 UDP Communication (Cont d) As an example of an application that can tolerate packet errors, consider an audio transmission. If the sender places a small amount of audio in each message the loss of a single packet produces a small gap in the playback This gap will be heard as a pop or click This undesirable noise can be annoying in some cases CMPE 80N Fall'10 14
15 UDP Communication (Cont d) At the opposite extreme, consider an on-line shopping application. Such applications do not use UDP. Why? because packet errors can have serious consequences (e.g., duplication of a message that carries a catalog order can result in two orders, with double charges being made to the buyer's credit card) CMPE 80N Fall'10 15
16 UDP (Cont d) Often used for streaming multimedia apps. Loss tolerant. Rate sensitive. Other UDP uses: DNS. SNMP. CMPE 80N Fall'10 16
17 Reliable Transfer with UDP Add reliability at application layer Application-specific error recovery! CMPE 80N Fall'10 17
18 UDP Segment Format UDP length = IP length - IP header length. Checksum is optional. 0 if not computed. CMPE 80N Fall'10 Fall'09 18
19 UDP Segment Format 32 bits Length, in bytes of UDP segment, including header source port # dest port # length checksum Application data (message) UDP segment format CMPE 80N Fall'10 19
20 UDP Checksum Goal: detect errors (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment Sender: treat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integers checksum: addition (1 s complement sum) of segment contents sender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field Receiver: compute checksum of received segment check if computed checksum equals checksum field value: NO - error detected YES - no error detected. But maybe errors nonetheless? More later. CMPE 80N Fall'10 20
21 UDP Encapsulation Each UDP datagram is encapsulated in an IP datagram for transmission across the Internet CMPE 80N Fall'10 21
22 UDP versus TCP CMPE 80N Spring'10 22
23 UDP versus TCP TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Stream (byte) oriented. Reliable, connection-oriented. Complex. Applications: Reliable, long-lived connections. Applications: Web (http), (smtp), file transfer (ftp), terminal (telnet), etc. CMPE 80N Spring'10 23
24 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol RFCs 793, 1122, and Reliable end-to-end. Assumes unreliable network. CMPE 80N Spring'10 24
25 TCP Overview Connection-oriented. Full duplex. Point-to-point. Reliable, in-order byte stream Mandatory checksum. Recovery from lost or out-of-order packets. Duplicate detection. Flow control. Congestion control. CMPE 80N Spring'10 25
26 Service TCP Provides to Applications Connection Orientation: An application must first request a connection to a destination Point-to-Point Communication: Each TCP connection has exactly two endpoints Complete Reliability: TCP guarantees that the data sent across a connection will be delivered completely and in order Full Duplex Communication: Allows data to flow in either direction CMPE 80N Fall'10 26
27 End-to-End Service and Virtual Connections TCP is an end-to-end protocol it provides communication between an application on one computer to an application on another computer The connections in TCP are called virtual connections because connections are achieved in software TCP software modules on two machines exchange messages to achieve the illusion of a connection TCP uses IP to carry messages IP treats each TCP message as data to be transferred CMPE 80N Fall'10 27
28 Connection-Oriented Connection must be established for communication to occur. Three-way handshake. CLIENT SERVER Request a connection Accept a connection waiting for connection request Data Transer Disconnect CMPE 80N Spring'10 28
29 TCP's Three-Way Handshake To establish or terminate connections reliably TCP uses a 3-way handshake in which three messages are exchanged During the 3-way handshake to start a connection each side sends a control message that specifies an initial buffer size (for flow control) and a sequence number The handshake ensures that TCP will not open or close a connection until both ends have agreed CMPE 80N Spring'10 29
30 TCP's Three-Way Handshake Connection Establishment CMPE 80N Spring'10 30
31 Connection establishment using three-way handshaking CMPE 80N Spring'10 31
32 Connection Release Send DR+ start timer DR DR: disconnection request. Release connection Send ACK DR ACK Send DR+ start timer Release connection CMPE 80N Spring'10 32
33 TCP Segment Format TCP uses a single format for all messages including messages that carry data, those that carry ACKs, and messages that are part of the 3-way handshake used to create or terminate a connection (SYN and FIN) TCP s PDU is a segment. CMPE 80N Spring'10 33
34 TCP segment format CMPE 80N Spring'10 34
35 TCP Segment Format CMPE 80N Spring'10 35
36 TCP Segment Format ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER specifies the sequence number of the data that is expected next WINDOW specifies how much additional buffer space is available beyond the ACKed data The ACK always refers to the first position for which data is missing If segments arrive out of order, a receiving TCP generates the same ACK multiple times until the missing data arrives CHECKSUM contains a checksum that covers the TCP segment header and the data CMPE 80N Spring'10 36
37 TCP Segment Format SEQUENCE NUMBER Refers to outgoing data, it gives the sequence number of the first byte of data being carried in the segment A receiver uses the sequence number to reorder segments that arrive out of order and to compute an acknowledgement number DESTINATION PORT identifies which application program on the receiving computer should receive the data SOURCE PORT identifies the application program that sent the data CMPE 80N Spring'10 37
38 TCP s Full-Duplex Feature A TCP connection contains two streams of data: one flowing in each direction. If the applications at each end are sending data simultaneously TCP can send a single segment that carries outgoing data The ACK for incoming data, and a window advertisement that specifies the amount of additional buffer space available for incoming data Some of the fields in the segment refer to the data stream traveling in the forward direction while other fields refer to the data stream traveling in the reverse direction CMPE 80N Spring'10 38
39 Flow, Congestion, Error Control Flow control Protects receiver s buffers. Error control Recover from corrupt or lost packets. Ordering and duplicate detection. Congestion control Avoid creating congestion in the network. Three different functions. Integrated implementation. CMPE 80N Spring'10 39
40 Flow, Congestion, Error Control: Use of: Sequence numbers. Timers Acknowledgments. Mechanisms CMPE 80N Spring'10 40
41 Internet Apps and Transport Protocols Application remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] HTTP (eg Youtube), RTP [RFC 1889] SIP, RTP, proprietary (e.g., Skype) Underlying transport protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP or UDP typically UDP CMPE 80N Fall'10 41
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