OSI Model with Protocols. Layer Name PDU Address Protocols Device
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1 NetEss Name: Networking Essentials Prof. CHIN OSI Model with Protocols Layer Name PDU Address Protocols Device 7 Application Data <Port> FTP, SSH, Telnet, SMTP, DNS TFTP,HTTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTPS 6 Presentation Data ACSII, JPEG Host 5 Session Data RPC, SQL/Telnet Login Host 4 Transport Segment Port 3 Network Packets IP Address 2 Data Link Frames MAC 1 Physical Bits Bits TCP Connection-oriented, reliable UDP Connectionless, best efforts IP, ICMP, RIP, EIGRP, OSPF Routing and path determination Sub-layers: LLC and MAC Ethernet, Frame Relay, PPP, HDLC Bits represented by signals, patterns and symbols Host Host Router Switch, Bridge Hubs, Cables Connectors Patch Cable Straight-through wiring (both ends identical) for connecting PCs and routers to switches. Odd number pins have white stripes. Orange pairs are first, Brown pairs are last, the Blue pairs are in the middle and divide the Green pair. EIA/TIA 568B termination. Crossover Cable To connect identical (or like) devices without using a switch. The Orange Transmit pairs are switched at the opposite end of the cable with the Green Receive pairs. Check your cable: Does the cable WORK? Does the cable comply with the T568B Wire Map? Does each wire fully extend to the end of the RJ-45 connector? Have the RJ-45 connector pins fully pierced all wires? Does the RJ45 CRIMP bar clamp the cable jacket tightly?
2 Some Common Port, Symbols and Definitions Port Application Example of use or test 20 FTP Data <data> 21 FTP Control ftp -A ftp.example.microsoft.com 22 SSH Secure SHell Remote Login Ssh L admin Telnet Insecure Remote Login telnet Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) telnet mx1.hotmail.com Domain Name System (DNS) nslookup -a -d 69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Copy running-config tftp 80 HTTP POP3 telnet mx1.hotmail.com Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) telnet mx1.hotmail.com HTTPS Basic Cisco Router Configuration Commands (where X= ) PROMPT COMMAND NOTES Router> Enable Change to Privilege Mode Router# Erase Startup-config Erase Startup Configuration in NVRAM Router# Reload Reload router to clear RAM Router# Configure Terminal Enter Global Configuration Mode Router(config)# Hostname BORDER-X Name Router: BORDER-X (X=your #) Border-X (config)# Enable password cisco Set User mode Password to: cisco Border-X (config)# Enable secret class Set Privileged Password to: class Border-X (config)# IP name-server DNS name server at this address Border-X (config)# Line Console 0 Configure Console Terminal line Border-X (config-line)# Logging synchronous Re-displays command line if interrupted Border-X (config-line)# Exec-timeout 30 Set auto logoff timer to 30 minutes Border-X (config-line)# Line vty 0 4 Configure the 5 Virtual Terminal lines Border-X (config-line)# password cisco Set Virtual Terminal password to: cisco Border-X (config-line)# Login Require Virtual Terminal log in Border-X (config-line)# Exit Exit to Global Mode Border-X (config)# Interface Gig 0/0 Configure Interface Gig 0/0 Border-X (config-if)# IP Address X Set IP Address & subnet mask Border-X (config-if)# No shutdown Turn on the interface Border-X (config-if)# Interface Gig 0/1 Configure Serial S0/0/0 Border-X (config-if)# IP Address X Set IP Address & subnet mask Border-X (config-if)# Description Users Local Area Network Set a description of the Network Border-X (config-if)# No shutdown Turn on the interface Border-X (config)# Exit Exit Interface Configuration mode Border-X (config)# ip route DEFAULT ROUTE command Border-X (config)# Router RIP Configure RIP routing Border-X (config-router)# Version 2 enable RIP Version 2 Border-X (config-router)# No auto-summary Border-X (config-router)# Network Advertise Network and update others Border-X (config-router)# Network X.0 Advertise Network and update others Border-X (config-router)# END End configuration mode
3 Common Terms ARP Address Resolution Protocol Obtains the MAC addresses for a known IP address CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection Ethernet arbitration mechanism for sharing media IP Address The Layer 3 logical address of a host on a TCP/IP Network, with a given subnet mask IP v.4 The current version of the IP protocol, uses 32 bit addresses IP v.6 New version of the IP protocol with 128 bit addresses and advanced features MAC Address The Media Access Control physical address of the Data Link Layer for an Ethernet host on a LAN Private IP Addresses Range of IP addresses not recognized by Internet routers, used in private LANs Protocol Agreed upon format for transmitting or storing data TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol protocol stack for transmitting data to IP Address on the Internet TCP Protocol Transmission Control Protocol mechanism that assures correct data transmission UDP User Datagram Protocol lower overhead than TCP but does not guarantee message delivery DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically provides IP addresses from server to host DNS Domain Name Server provides the IP address for a domain name, for name resolution FTP File Transfer Protocol the popular mechanism for transmitting files on TCP/IP networks Topology Layout of a network; can refer to physical or logical layout Star Topology A Physical topology where each host connects to a central concentrator via a single cable run Bus Topology A network topology where hosts are connected to a shared coaxial cable in a non deterministic network Ring Topology A topology where hosts share access on a deterministic network via a token, by taking turns Mesh Topology Network topology where hosts are interconnected and multiple routes exist to reach a destination Gateway Router joining networks together; a LAN s default gateway provides hosts with access to other networks LAN Local Area Network; an interconnection of hosts in the same IP address network and subnet mask Subnet Mask Notation used to indicate how many bits of an IP address are Network Bits, thereby defining the network Repeater Device receives data and re transmits the data out Hub Repeater which broadcasts messages to all connected nodes; half duplex device, essentially a multi port repeater Bridge Dual interface device which connecting different networks (and perhaps technologies), creating two collision domains Router Device used to interconnect networks and forwards data based on IP address, Switch A concentrator which distributes data frames based on MAC addresses, thus creating collision domains for performance Netstat Utility that reports active TCP connections, state of servers & sockets, and IP routing tables PING Utility which probes for the existence of and connectivity to a TCP/IP host Port A number in TCP/IP referring to services and applications, and the transport of their data Telnet Standard interface through which a client may access a host as though it were local Traceroute Utility which tells which routers / servers exist between a source and destination Networks, IP Addresses and Subnets Network Address and Subnet Mask: The Network Address represents an IP address space and is assigned a subnet mask. IPv4 uses 32 bits to describe an IP address: 32 bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each, which is referred to as "dotted decimal notation. The Subnet Mask indicates which bits are network bits. Public Networks: The three classes of public network addresses (which can be used on the Internet) are: Public Network First Octet Range Default Subnet Mask Class A Class B Class C Loopback Address: The Network is used for loopback (testing) purposes. Private Network Addresses: Each Public Network Class is assigned a range of Private Networks which are not routable (usable) on the Internet. These private (inside) networks can be used by anyone, and are useful for preserving public IP addresses and for hiding inside networks from the Internet. Network Address Translation allows a client on a private network to send packets to the Internet. The Private Networks are:
4 Private Network Private Network Address Range Class A Class B Class C Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses: An IP address is either: a network, host or broadcast address. A network address collectively represents the entire network (all host bits are set to zero). A broadcast address represents all the hosts (all the host bits are set to one). The IP addresses between the network address and the broadcast address are the host IP addresses and are assigned to computers and other devices within the Network. Subnetting an IPv4 Network: Networks are often subdivided into smaller units called subnets. Subnets are produced by borrowing host bits bits and converting them into network bits, thus splitting the existing network into a number of small units (fewer hosts in each unit). Here are the Rules: You must borrow bits from the Host Range (borrow the left-most host bits, next to the network bits) You must leave at least 2 host bits (do not borrow the 31 st and 32 nd bits) The borrowed host bits become network bits, and the subnet mask is changed by the value of those bits The total number of subnets created equals 2 to the power of x, where x = number of bits borrowed TCP/IP Command Line Tools in Windows NOTE: for help type: command /? IPconfig It is used to display the TCP/IP network configuration values. To open it, enter "ipconfig" in the command prompt. If you are connected directly to the Internet, you will obtain your IP address. (For a discussion of what an IP is, go here.) The figure below shows the result for a broadband connection where the IP is assigned automatically. Here the IP is your computer's temporary address on the Internet. For a detailed output of network parameters, you can use the command "ipconfig /all". Ping Ping sends out a echo packet to an IP host and measures its response time. The target computer will return a echo reply. It is a way of determining the quality of your connection to another site. You will also receive an IP address that corresponds to the user-friendly type of URL (see this page for further discussion of IPs and URLs). Ping is used to test connections on local networks. Tracert Tracert (traceroute) displays the actual path between two host on a Network. Tracert shows each step of the path taken. The times for each hop and the IP addresses for each intermediate computer are displayed. Tracert shows up to 30 hops. It is convenient for finding if there is one particular segment that is causing a slow or bad connection. Pathping This command combines functions of Ping and Tracert. Pathping will first list the number of hops required to reach the address you are testing and then send multiple pings to each router between you and the destination. After that, it computes results based on the packets returned from each router. Because pathping displays the degree of packet loss at any given router or link, you can determine which routers or subnets might be having network problems. Note that the whole process may consume 5-10 minutes because many pings are being sent. Net Use Maps a Network Drive or Folder. Examples: o Net use I: \\wcis.wolfson.mdcc.edu\share o Net use S: \\wmyfiles.wolfson.mdcc.edu\students$\first.lastname001 Netsh Configures Network Interfaces. Examples: o Netsh interface ipv4 set address local area connection static o Netsh interface ipv4 set dnsservers local area connection static Netstat Netstat displays the active TCP connections and ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, statistics for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols. Nslookup This command helps diagnose the Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure and comes with a number of sub-commands. These are mainly for systems administrators. The primary interest for average PC users is its use to find the computer name corresponding to a numeric IP. Arp -a This command displays the IP to MAC address bindings. Telnet Allows users to remotely access another device such as a server, router, or other network device. FTP File Transfer Protocol which allows the transfer of files between hosts. Route Allows Windows users to manually configure the routes in the computer s routing table. Getmac Used to show both local and remote MAC addresses. When run with no parameters (ie. getmac) it displays MAC addresses for the local system.
5 Sub WKS Name: Date % Subnet Exercise Worksheet Class C Networks Network Address Magic # Prof. JOHN CHIN H:\ Course_Materials\Class_Cisco\_Sem-1\Subnet_exercise_sheet_v7.wpd Bits borrowed Subnets Created Subnet Mask CIDR Notation /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 Hosts Available Subnet # Network ID Range of Host Addresses Broadcast Address
6 Class B Addresses VLSM Chart Bits (3rd octet) /16 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 / ,536 IP Add 32,768 IP Add 16,384 ip Add 8,192 IP Add 4,096 IP Add 2,048 IP Add 1,024 IP Add 512 IP Add
7 Subnet Addressing for Last Octet Class C Addresses VLSM Chart bits (4 th Octet) /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 / IP Addr. 128 IP Addr. 64 IP Addresses 32 IP Addresses 16 IP Addresses 8 IP Addresses 4 IP Addresses.0.0 (.1-.2).4.0 (.1-.6 ).4 (.5-.6).8.0 (.1-.14).8 (.9-.10).12.8 (.9-.14).12 ( ) ( ) ( ) ).20 ( ) ( ).24 ( ) ( ).28 ( ) ( ) (.1-.62) ( ).36 ( ) ( ).40 ( ) ( ).44 ( ) ( ) ( ) ).52 ( ) ( ).56 ( ) ( ).60 ( ) ( ) ( ).68 ( ) ( ).72 ( ) ( ).76 ( ) ( ) ( ).64 ( ).84 ( ) ( ).88 ( ) ( ).92 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).100 ( ) ( ).104 ( ) ( ).108 ( ) ( ) ( ).96 ( ).116 ( ) ( ).120 ( ) ( ).124 ( ) ( ) ( ).132 ( ) ( ).136 ( ) ( ).140 ( ) ( ) ( ).128 ( ).148 ( ) ( ).152 ( ) ( ).156 ( ).160 ( ).160 ( ) ( ).164 ( ) ( ).168 ( ) ( ).172 ( ) ( ) ( ).160 ( ).180 ( ) ( ).184 ( ) ( ).188 ( ) ( ) ( ).196 ( ) ( ).200 ( ) ( ).204 ( ) ( ) ( ).192 ( ).212 ( ) ( ).216 ( ) ( ).220 ( ) ( ).224 ( ) ( ).228 ( ) ( ).232 ( ) ( ).236 ( ) ( ) ( ).244 ( ).224 ( ) ( ).240 ( ) ( ).252 ( ) Originally Authored by Dale Henninger Compiled by Lee Toderick 4/13/2007
8 IP Addresses per Octet (IP v4 Network)
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