Rdt2.0: channel with packet errors (no loss!)
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1 Rdt2.0: channel with packet errors (no loss!) What mechanisms do we need to deal with error? Error detection Add checksum bits Feedback Acknowledgements (ACKs): receiver explicitly tells sender that packet received correctly Negative acknowledgements (NAKs): receiver explicitly tells sender that packet had errors Retransmission sender retransmits packet on receipt of NAK So, we need the following mechanisms: Error detection, Feedback (ACK/NACK), Retransmission 23
2 rdt2.0: FSM specification rdt_send(data) snkpkt = make_pkt(data, checksum) call from above sender ACK or NAK rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && isnak(rcvpkt) receiver rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && corrupt(rcvpkt) udt_send(nak) call from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt) Λ rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt,data) deliver_data(data) udt_send(ack) 24
3 rdt2.0: Can this completely solve errors? call from above sender rdt_send(data) snkpkt = make_pkt(data, checksum) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt) Λ ACK or NAK rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && isnak(rcvpkt) What happens when ACK or NAK has errors? Approach: resend the current data packet? ACK error Duplicate packets The received packet is new or duplicate? 25
4 Handling Duplicate Packets Sender adds sequence number to each packet Sender retransmits current packet if ACK/ NAK garbled Receiver discards duplicate packet 26
5 rtd2.1: examples PKT(0) ACK error x PKT(0) ACK Receiver expects a pkt with seq. # 1 Duplicate pkt; discard it PKT(1) sender receiver 27
6 rdt2.1: sender, handles garbled ACK/NAKs rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt) Λ rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) isnak(rcvpkt) ) rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) call 0 from above ACK or NAK 1 rdt_send(data) ACK or NAK 0 call 1 from above rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) isnak(rcvpkt) ) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(1, data, checksum) Λ Transport Layer 3-28
7 rdt2.1: receiver, handles garbled ACK/NAKs rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq0(rcvpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(nak, chksum) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && not corrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq1(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(ack, chksum) extract(rcvpkt,data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ack, chksum) 0 from below 1 from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq1(rcvpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(nak, chksum) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && not corrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq0(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(ack, chksum) Why? extract(rcvpkt,data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ack, chksum) Transport Layer 3-29
8 rdt2.1: summary for packet error Mechanisms for channel with packet errors Error detection, Feedback, Retransmission, Sequence# Sender: seq # added to pkt must check if received ACK/NAK corrupted Retransmit on NAK or corrupted feedback Receiver: must check if received packet is duplicate send NAK if received packet is corrupted Send ACK otherwise 30
9 rdt2.2: a NAK-free protocol Same functionality as rdt2.1, using ACKs only Instead of NAK, receiver sends ACK for last correctly received packet Receiver must explicitly include seq # of pkt being ACKed Duplicate ACK at sender results in same action as NAK: retransmit current pkt 31
10 rdt2.2: sender, receiver fragments rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) has_seq1(rcvpkt)) rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) call 0 from above 0 from below ACK 0 sender FSM fragment receiver FSM fragment rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) isack(rcvpkt,1) ) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt,0) Λ rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq1(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt,data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ack1, chksum) Transport Layer 3-32
11 rdt3.0: channel with loss & packet errors What mechanisms do we need for packet loss? Timer! Sender waits reasonable amount of time for ACK (a Time-Out) If packet (or ACK) is just delayed (not lost): Retransmission will be duplicate, but use of seq. # s already handles this 33
12 rdt3.0 in action 34
13 rdt3.0 in action 35
14 Recap: Principles of Reliable Data Transfer What can happen over unreliable channel? What mechanisms for packet loss? Packet error, packet loss What mechanisms for packet error? Error detection, feedback, retransmission, sequence# Timeout! We built simple reliable data transfer protocol Real-world protocol (e.g., TCP) is more complex, but with same principles! 36
15 rdt3.0 sender rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) Λ call 0from above rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt,1) stop_timer timeout start_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) isack(rcvpkt,0) ) Λ Wait for ACK1 rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) start_timer rdt_send(data) Wait for ACK0 call 1 from above sndpkt = make_pkt(1, data, checksum) start_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) isack(rcvpkt,1) ) Λ timeout start_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && isack(rcvpkt,0) stop_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) Λ Transport Layer 3-37
16 Performance of rdt3.0 rdt3.0 works, but performance stinks example: 1 Gbps link, 15 ms e-e prop. delay, 1KB packet: T transmit = L (packet length in bits) R (transmission rate, bps) = 8kb/pkt 10**9 b/sec = 8 microsec U sender : utilization fraction of time sender busy sending U sender = L / R RTT + L / R = = microsec 1KB pkt every 30 msec -> 33kB/sec thruput over 1 Gbps link network protocol limits use of physical resources! Transport Layer 3-38
17 rdt3.0: stop-and-wait operation first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 last packet bit transmitted, t = L / R sender receiver RTT first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R U sender = L / R RTT + L / R = = microsec Transport Layer 3-39
18 Pipelined protocols Pipelining: sender allows multiple, in-flight, yet-to-beacknowledged pkts range of sequence numbers must be increased buffering at sender and/or receiver Two generic forms of pipelined protocols: go-back-n, selective repeat Transport Layer 3-40
19 Pipelining: increased utilization first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 last bit transmitted, t = L / R sender receiver RTT ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK last bit of 2 nd packet arrives, send ACK last bit of 3 rd packet arrives, send ACK Increase utilization by a factor of 3! U sender = 3 * L / R RTT + L / R = = microsecon Transport Layer 3-41
20 Go-Back-N Sender: k-bit seq # in pkt header window of up to N, consecutive unack ed pkts allowed ACK(n): ACKs all pkts up to, including seq # n - cumulative ACK may receive duplicate ACKs (see receiver) timer for each in-flight pkt timeout(n): retransmit pkt n and all higher seq # pkts in window Transport Layer 3-42
21 GBN: sender extended FSM rdt_send(data) Λ base=1 nextseqnum=1 rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && corrupt(rcvpkt) if (nextseqnum < base+n) { sndpkt[nextseqnum] = make_pkt(nextseqnum,data,chksum) udt_send(sndpkt[nextseqnum]) if (base == nextseqnum) start_timer nextseqnum++ } else refuse_data(data) timeout start_timer Wait udt_send(sndpkt[base]) udt_send(sndpkt[base+1]) udt_send(sndpkt[nextseqnum-1] ) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) base = getacknum(rcvpkt)+1 If (base == nextseqnum) stop_timer else start_timer Transport Layer 3-43
22 GBN: receiver extended FSM default Λ expectedseqnum=1 Wait sndpkt = make_pkt(expectedseqnum,ack,chksum) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcurrupt(rcvpkt) && hasseqnum(rcvpkt,expectedseqnum) extract(rcvpkt,data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(expectedseqnum,ack,chksum) expectedseqnum++ ACK-only: always send ACK for correctly-received pkt with highest in-order seq # may generate duplicate ACKs need only remember expectedseqnum out-of-order pkt: discard (don t buffer) -> no receiver buffering! Re-ACK pkt with highest in-order seq # Transport Layer 3-44
23 GBN in action Transport Layer 3-45
24 Selective Repeat receiver individually acknowledges all correctly received pkts buffers pkts, as needed, for eventual in-order delivery to upper layer sender only resends pkts for which ACK not received sender timer for each unacked pkt sender window N consecutive seq # s again limits seq #s of sent, unacked pkts Transport Layer 3-46
25 Selective repeat: sender, receiver windows Transport Layer 3-47
26 Selective repeat data from above : if next available seq # in window, send pkt timeout(n): resend pkt n, restart timer ACK(n) in [sendbase,sendbase+n]: sender mark pkt n as received if n smallest unacked pkt, advance window base to next unacked seq # receiver pkt n in [rcvbase, rcvbase+n-1] send ACK(n) out-of-order: buffer in-order: deliver (also deliver buffered, in-order pkts), advance window to next notyet-received pkt pkt n in [rcvbase-n,rcvbase-1] ACK(n) otherwise: ignore Transport Layer 3-48
27 Selective repeat in action Transport Layer 3-49
28 Selective repeat: dilemma Example: seq # s: 0, 1, 2, 3 window size=3 receiver sees no difference in two scenarios! incorrectly passes duplicate data as new in (a) Q: what relationship between seq # size and window size is safe? Transport Layer 3-50
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Chapter 3 Transport Layer A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and
More informationChapter 3 Transport Layer
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Chapter 3 Transport Layer A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and
More informationChapter 3 Transport Layer
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