CSc 450/550 Computer Networks Domain Name System
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1 CSc 450/550 Computer Networks Domain Name System Jianping Pan Summer /28/07 CSc 450/550 1
2 Review: Web/HTTP Web URI/URL, HTML tags, embedded objects HTTP request and response persistence, statefulness web caching, content delivery DNS essentially, a name-address mapping 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 2
3 Today's topics More on DNS how to register your name-address mapping DNS resource records how to get your name-address mapping resolved DNS resolution queries DNS: more than just name resolution DNS-based server selection in content delivery networks 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 3
4 DNS name space Hierarchical, distributed gtld: generic top-level domain cctld: country-code top-level domain ca uvic cs www 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 4 Q:
5 DNS: client's view Local DNS resolver: gethostbyname() /etc/host.conf order hosts,bind /etc/hosts nameserver /etc/resolv.conf nameserver Local DNS server: do the real job! DNS proxy 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 5
6 DNS resource records 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 6
7 SOA, NS dig soa cs.uvic.ca cs.uvic.ca IN SOA active.uvic.ca. gduncan.dns.engr.uvic.ca origin = active.uvic.ca; mail addr = gduncan.dns.engr.uvic.ca; serial = ; refresh = 3600 (60 minutes); retry = 300 (5 minutes); expire = (7 days); minimum = 1800 (0.5 hour) replication consistency control dig ns cs.uvic.ca cs.uvic.ca IN NS dns1.uvic.ca. cs.uvic.ca IN NS active.uvic.ca. 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 7 Q: TTL?
8 dig mx cs.uvic.ca cs.uvic.ca IN MX 0 mta.cs.uvic.ca. priority = 0 (highest) dig a cs.uvic.ca cs.uvic.ca IN A dig cname IN CNAME thing2.cs.uvic.ca. dig a thing2.cs.uvic.ca thing2.cs.uvic.ca IN A dig ptr in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa IN PTR thing2.cs.uvic.ca. 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 8 Q: why CNAME?
9 DNS: servers Local DNS server where s Root DNS server (.): {a..m}.root-servers.net ask ca0{1..6}.cira.ca., ns-ext.isc.org TLD DNS server (.ca.): ca0{1..6}.cira.ca ask dns{1 2}.uvic.ca., ns3.uvic.ca., ns.pinc.com Authoritative DNS server primary, secondary 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 9 Q: why so many NS servers?
10 Root DNS servers {a..m}.root-servers.net. e NASA Mt View, CA f Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 17 other locations) b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l ICANN Los Angeles, CA a Verisign, Dulles, VA c Cogent, Herndon, VA (also Los Angeles) d U Maryland College Park, MD k RIPE London (also Amsterdam, g US DoD Vienna, VA Frankfurt) h ARL Aberdeen, MD i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 3 j Verisign, ( 11 locations) other locations) m WIDE Tokyo 13 root name servers worldwide 5/28/07 CSc 450/ Q: one server, multiple locations?
11 DNS queries Local DNS resolver-server #nslookup >set debug > QUESTIONS type = A, class = IN ANSWERS -> canonical name = thing2.cs.uvic.ca. -> thing2.cs.uvic.ca internet address = AUTHORITY RECORDS -> cs.uvic.ca nameserver = active.uvic.ca. -> cs.uvic.ca nameserver = dns1.uvic.ca. ADDITIONAL RECORDS -> dns1.uvic.ca internet address = > active.uvic.ca internet address = /28/07 CSc 450/550 11
12 Recursive vs iterative 2 root DNS server root DNS server Q: recursive or not recursive.ca. 2 3 cctld DNS server 4 5.ca. local DNS server dns.poly.edu uvic.ca. local DNS server dns.poly.edu uvic.ca. requesting host authoritative DNS server dns1.uvic.ca requesting host cis.poly.edu cis.poly.edu 5/28/07 CSc 450/
13 DNS queries: more Local DNS server and higher hierarchy recursive vs iterative Reply cache time-to-live (TTL) Services required commonly by UDP Attacks on DNS cache poisoning 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 13
14 DNS: reality check Design goals distributed, hierarchical, low overhead, robust Protocol mechanisms cache, weak consistency, redundancy e.g., at least two NS servers per domain in different subnets for redundancy; reality: many are on the same subnet due to poor provisioning e.g., stable name-address mapping for caching efficiency; reality: very short TTL in CDN Secure DNS 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 14
15 Akamai content delivery Akamai EdgePlatform 15,000+ servers 1,100+ networks 69 countries up to 15% web traffic! Server selection DNS-based for site or object delivery 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 15
16 Site delivery 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 16
17 AkaDNS.net 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 17
18 DNS-based server selection Transparent to end-users Issues effectiveness (who s making the decision) overhead (low TTL) granularity (hostname vs. service name) proximity (client, local DNS, CDN server) accuracy (network positioning) Bottom-line: avoid the worst, hope for the best 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 18
19 This lecture DNS (2) DNS resource records DNS resolution queries recursive, iterative DNS-based server selection site delivery : mechanisms, pros and cons Explore further CDN: object delivery 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 19
20 Next lectures May 31: 1st in-class midterm exam In June: TCP and UDP 5/28/07 CSc 450/550 20
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