Foreword xxiii Preface xxvii IPv6 Rationale and Features
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1 Contents Foreword Preface xxiii xxvii 1 IPv6 Rationale and Features Internet Growth IPv4 Addressing IPv4 Address Space Utilization Network Address Translation HTTP Version 1.1 Virtual Hosting Variable Length Subnet Mask Classless IPv Provider-based Assignment and Aggregation of IPv4 Network Prefixes Constrained Allocation Policy of IPv4 Addresses Global Routing Summary of Internet Growth Real Issues and Trouble with IPv Deploying Voice over IP Deploying IP Security Deploying Application Security Videoconferencing A Simple Web Server at Home Using Remote Procedure Calls Remote Management of Applications and Servers VPN Between Same Address Space Deploying Services in the Home Network Merging or Connecting Two Networks Together Large Networks Address Plans and Secondary Addresses Provider VPN Address Collisions Should IP Addresses be Free? Summary Architectural Considerations Network Address Translator Variations Paradigm Shift IETF Work Towards IPv6 27
2 xii Contents 1.6 IPv6 Main Features IPv6 Milestones IPv6 Return on Investment What Happened to IPv5? Summary References 34 2 I Can t Wait to Get my Hands Dirty! Setup Description Steps Enabling IPv6 on N2 and N Two Nodes Talking Already! Installing and Configuring the TSP Client on N Creating an IPv6 in IPv4 Tunnel with Freenet Testing IPv6 on N Requesting an IPv6 Prefix Delegation Summary References Further Reading 42 3 IPv6 Datagram Description of the IP Datagram IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Header Fields Version Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Hop Limit Next Header Extension Headers Hop-by-Hop Option Routing Fragment Destination Options Authentication and Encapsulating Security Payload No Next Header Order of the Extension Headers Datagram Size Maximum Transmission Unit Path MTU Discovery Fragmentation Jumbogram Header Compression Upper-layer Protocols Checksum Implications in Application Protocols Summary References 59
3 Contents xiii 4 Addressing Address Space Format of an Address Text Representation of Addresses Text Representation of Prefixes Addresses in URL Unicast Addresses Global Unicast Addresses Scoped Addresses Protocol Use Addresses Unspecified Address Loopback Address Multicast Addressing Anycast Addressing Architecture Summary References Further Reading 77 5 Configuring Node Addresses Static Address Configuration Address Auto-Configuration Interface Identifier Router Advertisements and Solicitations Lifetime of Advertised Prefixes Node Booting Process DHCPv Basic Behavior Initial Exchange Data Exchange DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation Differences Between DHCPv4 and DHCPv Dual Stack DHCP Clients Renumbering with DHCP Node Addresses Configuring Interfaces and Router Advertisements on Hosts and Routers Network Example FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Cisco Hexago Juniper Debugging Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements Summary Appendix Router Advertisement and Solicitation Message Formats DHCP Variables, Addresses and Ports References 111
4 xiv Contents 6 Link-layer Integration Solicited-Node Multicast Address Neighbor Solicitation and Advertisement IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol IPv6 Differences Neighbor Solicitation Process Duplicate Address Detection Neighbor Cache Neighbor Unreachability Detection EUI-64 and Neighbor Discovery IPv6 over Ethernet Frame Identifier Multicast Ethernet MTU Point-to-Point Links Multi-link Subnets Router Advertisements of the Link MTU Managing Neighbors on Hosts and Routers FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Further Reading Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP Error Messages Informational Messages Neighbor Discovery Hop Limit Set to Managing ICMP on Hosts and Routers FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Naming with DNS and Selecting an Address Hostname To IPv6 Address with the AAAA Record IPv6 Address To Hostname Transport DNS Server Discovery 143
5 Contents xv 8.5 Node Information Query IP Address Selection Configuring DNS and Address Selection on Hosts and Routers Configuring a Unix Client Configuring BIND Troubleshooting with Dig FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Further Reading Routing Required Router Addresses Source Routing with the Routing Header Route Redirect Static Routes RIP Changes OSPF Changes Router ID Link-State Database IS-IS Changes Multi-topology BGP Changes Router ID Link-local Addresses for Peering Site Scoped Prefixes in Routes Tunneling IPv Renumbering Routers Internet Routing Multihoming Provider Independent Address Space Multiple Prefixes Cross-tunnels at Site Exit Routers Propagation using Router Renumbering and Advertisements Multihoming Work Progress Summary References Configuring Routing Considerations on Using Autoconfiguration for Router Interfaces FreeBSD 174
6 xvi Contents Forwarding Static Routes Route Redirect RIP Troubleshooting Linux Forwarding Static Routes Route Redirect Troubleshooting Solaris Static Routes Troubleshooting Windows Forwarding Static Routes Troubleshooting Cisco IPv6 Forwarding Cisco Express Forwarding Prefix Lists Static Routes Route Redirect RIP OSPF IS-IS BGP Troubleshooting Hexago Juniper Martian Routes Router ID Static Routes RIP OSPF IS-IS BGP Troubleshooting Zebra Static Routes RIP OSPF BGP Troubleshooting Summary Further Reading Mobility Overview MobileIP Terminology Basic MobileIP Process 197
7 Contents xvii Triangle Routing Route Optimization Handoff MobileIP Applications are not Aware of Mobility Mobile Node is at Home Mobile Node is away from Home Mobile Node Registering to the Home Agent Mobile Node Registering to the Correspondent Nodes Mobile Node Sending Packets Correspondent Node Sending Packets to the Mobile Node Mobile Node is Moving Again Mobile Node Comes Back Home Securing the Binding Update Security Association with Home Agent Return Routability Procedure with Correspondent Nodes Correspondent Node is Not MobileIP Aware Mobile Node Registering to the Correspondent Node Mobile Node Sending Packets Correspondent Node Sending Packets to the Mobile Node Advanced Features Fast Handoff Home Agent is Not Reachable Mobile Networks MobileIP Messaging Mobility Extension Header Home Address Destination Option Extension Header Type 2 Routing Header ICMP Messages Neighbor Discovery Deployment Considerations Enterprise Network with Mobile Nodes on Most Links Security Considerations IP Version Centric Ubiquitous IP Configuring Mobility FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Hexago Summary References Wireless IP Characteristics of Wireless Links Header Compression over Limited Bandwidth Link Layers TCP Behavior over Wireless GPP GPP Summary 231
8 xviii Contents 12.7 References Further Reading Security IP Security (IPsec) IPsec Transport and Tunnel Modes Establishing a Security Association AH Header ESP Header IPsec and IPv4 NAPT IPsec and IPv Secure Shell (SSH) Filtering and Firewalls ICMP Filtering MobileIPv Network Address/Port Translation Temporary Addresses More Secure Protocols Securing IPv6 on the Link Threats and Trust Models for IPv6 on the Link Secure Neighbor Discovery Is IPv6 More Secure? Configuring Security on Hosts and Routers FreeBSD Windows Cisco Juniper Summary References Quality of Service IPv5: Streaming Protocol Diffserv Integrated Services RSVP Flow Label Network Address Translation Hardware processing Configuring QoS on Hosts and Routers FreeBSD Linux Solaris Cisco Summary References Multicast and Anycast Multicast Basics Multicast Listener Discovery Node Joining a Multicast Group Node Leaving a Multicast Group 268
9 Contents xix Router Verifying Group Membership Electing a Router Multicast Listener Discovery Version Multicast Routing Multicast Address Allocation Unicast-based Multicast Addressing Allocation of Multicast Addresses Multicast Reserved Addresses Anycast Configuring Anycast and Multicast on Hosts and Routers FreeBSD Linux Solaris Summary References Deploying IPv6 in IPv4 Dominant Networks Combined IPv4 and IPv6 Network Tunneling IPv6 in IPv Encapsulation Host to Router Encapsulation Router to Router Encapsulation Static Tunneling to ISATAP IPv6 in IPv4 Tunneling Considerations Encapsulating IPv6 in UDP IPv Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) Tunnel Broker Teredo Tunneling IPv6 in GRE-IPv Requirements Limitations Applicability Comparing IPv6 in IPv4 Solutions Configuring IPv6 in IPv4 Dominant Networks Examples FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Deploying IPv6 Dominant Networks with IPv4 Support Tunneling IPv4 in IPv IPv4 in IPv6 Encapsulation IPv4 in IPv6 Static Tunnels 345
10 xx Contents DSTM with DHCPv TSP Tunnel Broker IP Packet and Transport Translation Configuring IPv4 in IPv6 Dominant Networks FreeBSD Solaris Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Migrating with Application Level Gateways Application Level Gateway Application Specific Proxy Considerations of Application Level Gateways Summary Transport Protocols Checksum Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Summary References Network Management SNMP Transport Management Information Base (MIB) Other Management Tools Authentication, Authorization and Accounting using RADIUS Configuring SNMP on Hosts and Routers Cisco Hexago Juniper Summary References Porting Applications Introduction Considerations IP Protocol Version Independence Multiple Addresses Scoped Addresses Address Memory Space URL and Text Representation of IP Addresses Structures Struct addrinfo Struct sockaddr_in6 374
11 Contents xxi Struct sockaddr_storage Definitions Functions Getaddrinfo Getnameinfo Macros Change Table Best Practice Basic Example Summary References Further Reading Configuration and Usage of IPv6-enabled Open Source Software Apache Web Server Sendmail Postfix SSH XFree MRTG Dovecot Summary References Best Current Practices and Case Studies IPv6 Internet Address Space IPv6 Address Policy IPv6 Address Planning Optimal Address Plans Numbering Links EUI-64 Considerations Use of Unique Local Address Space Incremental Deployment DNS Considerations Publishing the AAAA Record Publishing Special IPv6 Addresses TTL Use Routing Considerations Topologies Policies Security Considerations End-to-End-Model Policies Transition Mechanisms Special Addresses Mail Considerations Deploying IPv6 and Connecting to the IPv6 Internet Connecting a Single Node Connecting a Mobile Node Connecting a Home Network Connecting a Small Network 394
12 xxii Contents Enterprise and Military Networks Provider Networks Mobile Networks IPv6-only Networks Summary References Further Reading Conclusion Quick Reference 411 Index 413
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