Lecture 3. The Network Layer (cont d) Network Layer 1-1
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1 Lecture 3 The Network Layer (cont d) Network Layer 1-1
2 Agenda The Network Layer (cont d) What is inside a router? Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 fragmentation and addressing IP Address Classes and Subnets Network Address Translation IPv6 and Differences with IPv4 IP Tunneling Network Layer 1-2
3 Introduction to the Network Layer (Recall) transport segment from sending to receiving host on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams on rcving side, delivers segments to transport layer network layer protocols in every host, router router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical application transport network data link physical Network Layer 5-3
4 Two Key Network-Layer Functions (Recall) forwarding: move packets from router s input to appropriate router output routing: determine route taken by packets from source to dest. analogy: routing: process of planning trip from source to dest forwarding: process of getting through single interchange routing algorithms Network Layer 1-4
5 The Main Goal of the Network Layer The delivery of data packets to the intended final destination Network Layer 1-5
6 Router Architecture Overview Router Architecture Overview Two key router functions: run routing algorithms/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) forwarding datagrams from incoming to outgoing link Network Layer 4-6
7 Input Port Functions Physical layer: bit-level reception Data link layer: e.g., Ethernet Decentralized switching: Given datagram dest., lookup output port using forwarding table in input port memory Goal: complete input port processing at line speed Queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than forwarding rate into switch fabric Network Layer 4-7
8 The Switching Fabric Combination of hardware and software that forwards data coming in to a network router out by the correct port or door to the next network node in the network Includes Switching units Related integrated circuits Switching paths programming Independent of the infrastructure used to move data between nodes Network Layer 1-8
9 Three Types of Switching Fabrics Network Layer 4-9
10 Three Types of Switching Fabrics Switching via memory The switching between input and output ports under direct control of the CPU or the routing processor The forwarding throughput is less than the half of the memory reading or the writing rate Switching via a bus The input ports transfer packets directly over a shared bus to the output ports without intervention by the routing processor One packet can be transferred at a time The forwarding throughput is limited to the bus speed Switching via an interconnection network (crossbar) Overcoming bandwidth limitations of a single shared bus Consisting of 2n buses (connecting n input port and output ports) Network Layer 4-10
11 Output Ports Buffering required when datagrams arrive from fabric faster than the transmission rate Scheduling discipline chooses among queued datagrams for transmission Network Layer 4-11
12 Output Port Queueing This packet faces delay buffering when arrival rate via switch exceeds output line speed queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow! Network Layer 4-12
13 The Internet Network layer Host, router network layer functions: Transport layer: TCP, UDP Network layer Routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP forwarding table IP protocol addressing conventions datagram format packet handling conventions ICMP protocol error reporting router signaling Link layer physical layer Network Layer 4-13
14 The Internet Network layer The Internet Protocol (IP) A connectionless protocol for facilitating the communication between networked nodes It is the heart of the TCP/IP stack Defining rules and datagram format for sending data from a network node to another node Defining addresses for network nodes to be reachable Used protocol versions: IPv4 (most widely used) and IPv6 Network Layer 1-14
15 IP Datagram Format IP protocol version number header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to how much overhead with TCP? 20 bytes of TCP 20 bytes of IP = 40 bytes + app layer overhead ver head. len 16-bit identifier time to live type of service upper layer 32 bits flgs length data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) fragment offset header checksum 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly E.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit. Network Layer 4-15
16 The Internet Network layer The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) An error-reporting protocol for generating error messages to the source IP address (source of data/request) when network problems prevent delivery of IP packets Used to troubleshoot Internet connections in diagnostic utilities, such as ping and traceroute ICMP messages are transmitted as datagrams consisting of an IP header that encapsulates the ICMP data Types of ICMP messages: unreachable, echo, echo reply, redirect message, etc. Network Layer 1-16
17 IP Fragmentation & Reassembly Network links have MTU (max. transfer unit data size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types, different MTUs Large IP datagram divided ( fragmented ) within networks one datagram becomes several datagrams reassembled only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments reassembly fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams Network Layer 4-17
18 IP Addressing: Introduction IPv4 address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface Interface: connection between host/router and physical link Router s typically have multiple interfaces Host typically has one interface IP addresses associated with each interface = Network Layer 4-18
19 IP Addressing Classes Network Layer 4-19
20 Subnets IP address: Subnet part (high order bits) Host part (low order bits) What s a subnet? device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address can physically reach each other without intervening router (via layer 2 devices) / subnet network consisting of 3 subnets Class C addresses Subnet mask: /24 The first high 3 octets are dedicated to / /24 networks and the lowest octet is for hosts Network Layer 4-20
21 Subnets How many subnets? Network Layer 4-21
22 IP Addressing: CIDR CIDR: Classless Inter Domain Routing Subnet portion of address of arbitrary length No specific defined classes as noted previously Address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is the number of bits in subnet portion of address subnet part /23 host part Network Layer 4-22
23 IP Addresses: How to get one? Q: How does a host get IP address? hard-coded by system admin in a file (static IP) Windows: control-panel->network->configuration- >tcp/ip->properties UNIX: /etc/rc.config DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (dynamic IP) dynamically get address from as server plug-and-play Goal: allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network server when it joins network Question: is the DHCP a layer 3 protocol? Network Layer 4-23
24 DHCP Client-Server Scenario A DHCP server B E arriving DHCP client needs address in this network Network Layer 4-24
25 NAT: Network Address Translation rest of Internet local network (e.g., home network) / All datagrams leaving local network have same single source NAT IP address: , different source port numbers Datagrams with source or destination in this network have /24 address for source, destination (as usual) Network Layer 4-25
26 NAT: Network Address Translation Motivation: local network uses just one IP address as far as outside world is concerned: range of addresses not needed from ISP: just one IP address for all devices can change addresses of devices in local network without notifying outside world can change ISP without changing addresses of devices in local network devices inside local network not explicitly addressable, visible by outside world (a security plus) Implementation: NAT router must be adopted IP addresses replacement and remembrance Network Layer 4-26
27 NAT: Network Address Translation 2: NAT router changes datagram source addr from , 3345 to , 5001, updates table 2 NAT translation table WAN side addr LAN side addr , , 3345 S: , 5001 D: , S: , 3345 D: , : host sends datagram to , S: , 80 D: , : Reply arrives dest. address: , 5001 S: , 80 D: , : NAT router changes datagram dest addr from , 5001 to , 3345 Network Layer 4-27
28 IPv6 Initial motivation: 32-bit address space to be completely allocated Additional motivation: header format helps speed processing/forwarding header changes to facilitate QoS IPv6 datagram format: fixed-length 40 byte header no fragmentation allowed Network Layer 4-28
29 IPv6 Header (Cont) Priority (pri): identify priority among datagrams in flow Flow Label: identify datagrams in same flow Next header: identify upper layer protocol for data Network Layer 4-29
30 Other Changes from IPv4 Checksum: removed entirely to reduce processing time at each hop Options: allowed, but outside of header, indicated by Next Header field ICMPv6: new version of ICMP additional message types, e.g. Packet Too Big multicast group management functions Network Layer 4-30
31 Transition From IPv4 To IPv6 Not all routers can be upgraded simultaneous What about the interoperability concept? How will the network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers? Tunneling: IPv6 carried as payload in IPv4 datagram among IPv4 routers Network Layer 4-31
32 Tunneling Logical view: A B E F tunnel IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 Physical view: A B E F IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 Network Layer 4-32
33 Tunneling Logical view: A B E F tunnel IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 Physical view: A B C D E F IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Src:B Dest: E Flow: X Src: A Dest: F Src:B Dest: E Flow: X Src: A Dest: F Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data data data A-to-B: IPv6 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 E-to-F: IPv6 Network Layer 4-33
34 Lecture Summary Covered material The Network Layer (cont d) What is inside a router? IPv4 fragmentation and addressing Address Classes and Subnets Network Address Translation IPv6 and Differences with IPv4 IP Tunneling Material to be covered next lecture Unicast Routing Protocols Routing Algorithms: Dijkstra Link State Routing and Open Shortest Path First Protocols Multicast Routing Protocols Multicast Distance Vector Routing Protocol: DVMRP Network Layer 1-34
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