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1 Data Communications and Networks Second Edition ACHYUT S GODBOLE Managing Director SoftExcel Services Limited, Mumbai ATUL KAHATE Senior Consultant Oracle Financial Services Software Limited, Pune Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
2 Contents Preface 1. Introduction to Data Communications and Networking 1.0 Introduction Fundamental Concepts Data Communications Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Signal Propagation Analog and Digital Signals Bandwidth of a Signal and a Medium Fourier Analysis and the Concept of Bandwidth of a Signal Data Transmission Rate and Bandwidth 18 Summary 20 Key Terms and Concepts 21 Questions Analog and Digital Transmission Methods 2.0 Introduction Analog Signal, Analog Transmission Digital Signal, Digital Transmission Digital Signal, Analog Transmission Baud Rate and Bits Per Second Analog Signal, Digital (Storage and) Transmission Nyquist Summary 36 Theorem 34 Key Terms and Concepts 37 Questions Modes of Data Transmission and Multiplexing 3.0 Introduction 40
3 viii Contents 3.1 Parallel and Serial Communication Asynchronous, Synchronous and Isochronous Communication Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex 3.4 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Types of Multiplexing FDM versus TDM 57 Summary 57 Key Terms and Concepts 59 Questions 59 Communication Transmission Errors: Detection and Correction 4.0 Introduction Error Classification Types of Errors Error Detection 63 Summary 75 Key Terms and Concepts 76 Questions Data Compression and Encryption 5.0 Introduction Simple Coding Scheme Based on the Context of Symbols Based on the Relative Frequencies of Symbols Information Security Cryptography Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Encryption Digital Certificates Digital Signatures Secure Socket Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) Firewalls Security 99 Summary 102 Key Terms and Concepts 103 Questions Transmission Media 6.0 Introduction Guided Media Unguided Media Shannon Capacity 120 Summary 121 Key Terms and Concepts 121 Questions 122
4 7. Network Topologies, Switching and Routing Algorithms 7.0 Introduction Mesh Topology Star Topology Tree Topology Ring Topology Bus Topology Hybrid Topology Basics of Switching Router and Routing Routing Algorithms 139 Summary 121 Key Terms and Concepts 149 Questions Networking Protocols and OSI Model 8.0 Introduction Protocols in Computer Communications The OSI Model OSI Layer Functions Queuing Theory and M/M/l Queues 172 Summary 172 Key Terms and Concepts 173 Questions Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN) 9.0 Introduction Local Area Networks (LAN) Ethernet Virtual LAN (VLAN) Fast and Gigabit Ethernet Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDD1) Comparison of Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) Wide Area Network (WAN) WAN Architecture WAN Transmission Mechanism WAN Addressing Packet Forwarding Next-hop Tables and Routing Pure and Slotted ALOHA 206
5 X Contents Summary 207 Key Terms and Concepts 208 Questions Medium Access Sublayer and ISDN 10.0 Introduction Static and Dynamic Channel Allocation Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer MAC in LAN and WAN Classification and Study of MAC Sublayer Protocols/Collisions 10.5 ISDN and Its Background ISDN Architecture ISDN Interfaces Functional Grouping Reference Points ISDN Protocol Architecture Narrowband-ISDN (N-ISDN) and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) Summary 23 J Key Terms and Concepts 232 Questions X.25 Protocol 11.0 Introduction Understanding How X.25 Works Characteristics of X Packet Format X.25 Operation CCITTX Summary 246 Key Terms and Concepts 246 Questions Frame Relay and Congestion Control 12.0 Introduction The Need for Frame Relay How Frame Relay Works Frame Relay Frame Format Congestion Control Congestion Control Algorithms Traffic Control Frame Relay Assembler/Disassembler (FRAD) Other Features 261 Summary 261 Key Terms and Concepts 262 Questions 262
6 Contents xi 13. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Introduction Overview of ATM Packet Size Virtual Circuits in ATM ATM Cells Switching ATM Layers Miscellaneous Topics 281 Summary 283 Key Terms and Concepts 284 Questions Wireless Communication Overview of Wireless Networks IEEE Standards for LAN. MAN, and WAN , 802.2, 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, Infrared Communication Bluetooth Wireless LAN 298 Summary 305 Key Terms and Conc epts 305 Questions Internetworking Concepts, Devices, Internet Basics, History 15.0 Introduction Why Internetworking? Problems in Internetworking Dealing with Incompatibility 15.4 A Virtual Network Internetworking Devices Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways 324 Issues 310 and Architecture A Brief History of the Internet Growth of the Internet Internet Topology Internal Architecture of an ISP 331 Summaiy 335 Key Terms and Concepts 336 Questions Ways ofaccessing the Internet Introduction 340
7 Passive Synchronous xii Contents 16.1 Dial-up Access for an Individual User Leased Lines Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Cable Modems DTE-DCE Interface EIA RS-232 and EIA RS-449 Interface SONET/SDH - Transport Signals SONET Layers Applications 353 Summary 354 Key Terms and Concepts 355 Questions TCP/IP Part 1: Introduction to TCP/IP, IP, ARP, RARP and ICMP 17.0 Introduction TCP/IP Basics Why IP Addresses? Logical Addresses TCP/IP-An Example The Concept of IP Address and IP Datagram/Packet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Datagram Fragmentation and Reassembly Comparison ofosi and TCP/IP Protocol Suites 393 Summary 393 Key Terms and Concepts 394 Questions TCP/IP Part 2: TCP and UDP 18.0 Introduction TCP Basics Features of TCP Relationship between TCP and IP Ports and Sockets Connections - Open and Active Open TCP Connections What makes TCP reliable? TCP Packet Format Persistent TCP Connections User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP Packet Differences between UDP and TCP 415 \ Summary 417 Key Terms and Concepts 418 Questions 418
8 Contents xiii 19. TCP/IP Part 3: DNS, , FTP and TFTP Introduction Domain Name System (DNS) Electronic Mail ( ) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 452 Summary 453 Key Terms and Concepts 454 Questions TCP/IP Part 4: WWW, HTTP and TELNET Introduction The Basics ofwww and Browsing Locating Information on the Internet Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Web Browser Architecture Web Pages and Multimedia Remote Login (TELNET) Static, Dynamic, and Active Web Pages 477 Summary 480 Key Terms and Concepts 482 Questions Multimedia Communications Introduction Basics of Multimedia Multimedia Applications Multimedia Protocols Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 496 Summary 497 Key Terms and Concepts 497 Questions 497 Appendix A: Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 499 Appendix B: Hardware for Error Detection 504 Appendix C: Network Management and Monitoring 507 Appendix D: Answers to True or False 513 Appendix E: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 517 Glossary 521 References 535 Index 536
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