G51PGP Programming Paradigms. Lecture 008 Inner classes, anonymous classes, Swing worker thread
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1 G51PGP Programming Paradigms Lecture 008 Inner classes, anonymous classes, Swing worker thread 1
2 Reminder subtype polymorphism public class TestAnimals public static void main(string[] args) Animal[] animals = new Animal[6]; animals[0] = new Bear(); animals[1] = new Mouse(); animals[2] = new Mouse(); animals[3] = new Fish(); animals[4] = new Mouse(); animals[5] = new Bear(); Array of interface or object references Create objects and store in the array Each must implement interface or extend class for ( int i = 0 ; i < animals.length ; i++ ) System.out.println( "" + animals[i].getname() + "... " + animals[i].getnoise() ); The functions exist in animal class or interface Subclasses/implementers must provide implementations 2
3 Reminder : Interfaces Interfaces are just groups of function declarations No implementations for functions We say that these functions are abstract A class may implement multiple interfaces public interface Animal String getname(); String getnoise(); Subclass / Derived class Sub/derived class extends implements Superclass/base class Interface Base/superclass 3
4 A class hierarchy Object Component Some classes are both sub-classes/derived classes and superclasses/base classes Container JComponent Window Frame JPanel JLabel JFrame 4
5 Abstract classes You can have abstract functions in classes Used only for implementing in the sub-classes E.g. abstract String getname(); You can have abstract classes A class for which you cannot create objects E.g. public abstract class Animal If you add an abstract function to a class, the class must be declared abstract as well You can think of interfaces as abstract classes where all of the functions are abstract and there is no member data But you use implements rather than extends That matters: You can only extend one class, but can implement many interfaces We will concentrate on interfaces 5
6 Interfaces public interface Animal String getname(); String getnoise(); public abstract class Animal public abstract String getname(); public abstract String getnoise(); No need to say public No implementations No data Subclasses need to implement the interface Classes may implement multiple interfaces We could mix abstract and concrete methods We could add data Sub-classes need to extend the class Classes can only extend one class 6
7 Event handlers Many window systems are event based Someone does something and it raised an event for the program to handle E.g. move the mouse, click on something, close a window, etc More next week on what is picking up the events in Java Components can handle events e.g. mouse move or mouse pressed When an event occurs, the components look whether they have an objectregistered to handle the event Usually this means giving it an object which implements the interface and we rely on subtype polymorphism 7
8 Example using a JButton import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.event.actionevent; import java.awt.event.actionlistener; public class UsesButton implements ActionListener public static void main( String[] args) new UsesButton().go(); new UsesButton().go(); // Note: these were made members rather than local variables so that I keep the reference for later use JFrame frame; JLabel label; JButton button; public void go() frame = new JFrame(); frame.setlayout( new FlowLayout() ); label = new JLabel( "." ); frame.add( label ); button = new JButton("Press Me"); button.addactionlistener(this); frame.add( button ); frame.pack(); frame.setvisible(true); public void actionperformed( ActionEvent e) label.settext(label.gettext()+"."); frame.pack(); // Label size changed New class: JButton New interface: ActionListener New function to add listener 8
9 Event handlers To handle an event in Java Swing, we provide an object which will handle the event We need an object The object must implement a specified interface The object must implement all of the functions in the interface public class UsesButton implements ActionListener public static void main( String[] args) new UsesButton().go(); public void go() button.addactionlistener(this); public void actionperformed( ActionEvent e) label.settext(label.gettext()+"."); frame.pack(); 9
10 ActionListenerinterface package java.awt.event; import java.util.eventlistener; public interface ActionListener extends EventListener /* Invoked when an action occurs. */ public void actionperformed(actionevent e); This is the real code from the default implementation Reformatted, and most of the comments removed 10
11 Listener interfaces and Observer Pattern Examples of something called an observer pattern You can register multiple listeners You can removeactionlistener() to remove it again Action listeners get added to a list: public void addactionlistener(actionlistener l) listenerlist.add(actionlistener.class, l); Observer pattern: Object (subject) maintains a list of dependents (observers) and notifies them of specific events/changes Observers register themselves with the subject when they want to start getting notifications, and unregister themselves afterwards 11
12 Nested/Inner classes Nested class: class defined inside another class A static nested class is not associated with a specific instance of the class static basically means not associated with instance It just gets a different name really Useful for grouping or hiding implementation classes Static means associated with the class as a whole, rather than a specific object (no this reference on functions) A non-static nested class is an inner class It is associated with a specific instance/object It has access to the member data of the surrounding class very useful at times 12
13 Creating and using an inner class import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.event.actionevent; import java.awt.event.actionlistener; public class UsesButtonInnerClass public static void main( String[] args) new UsesButtonInnerClass().go(); new UsesButtonInnerClass().go(); // Still members JFrame frame; JLabel label; JButton button; Example2 class ButtonPressHandler implements ActionListener public void actionperformed( ActionEvent e) label.settext(label.gettext()+"."); frame.pack(); // Label size changed public void go() frame = new JFrame(); frame.setlayout( new FlowLayout() ); label = new JLabel( "." ); button = new JButton("Press Me"); button.addactionlistener( new ButtonPressHandler()); frame.add( label ); frame.add( button ); frame.pack(); frame.setvisible(true); 13
14 Key features: new class and listening class ButtonPressHandler implements ActionListener public void actionperformed( ActionEvent e) label.settext( label.gettext()+"."); frame.pack(); Inner class Defined within the outer class Instances can access the members of the surrounding instance the one which created it public void go() frame = new JFrame(); frame.setlayout( new FlowLayout() ); label = new JLabel( "." ); frame.add( label ); button = new JButton( "Press Me"); button.addactionlistener( new ButtonPressHandler()); frame.add( button ); frame.pack(); frame.setvisible(true); 14
15 Now we can create two buttons JButton button1; // Renamed public void go() JButton button2; // Added // Rename one handler button1 = new JButton("Add"); button1.addactionlistener( // and create a 2 nd version new ButtonPressHandler1()); class ButtonPressHandler2 frame.add( button1 ); implements ActionListener button2 = new JButton("Clear"); public void actionperformed( button2.addactionlistener( ActionEvent e) new ButtonPressHandler2()); frame.add( button2 ); label.settext( "." ); frame.pack(); Example3 15
16 MouseListenerInterface public interface MouseListener extends EventListener /* Mouse button clicked (pressed and released) */ public void mouseclicked(mouseevent e); /* Mouse button has been pressed */ public void mousepressed(mouseevent e); /* Mouse button released */ public void mousereleased(mouseevent e); /* Invoked when the mouse enters a component. */ public void mouseentered(mouseevent e); /* Invoked when the mouse exits a component. */ public void mouseexited(mouseevent e); 16
17 Using the interface : MyMouseHandler class MyMouseHandler implements MouseListener public void mouseclicked(mouseevent e) public void mousepressed(mouseevent e) public void mousereleased(mouseevent e) public void mouseentered(mouseevent e) public void mouseexited(mouseevent e) label.addmouselistener( new MyMouseHandler() ); Example4 17
18 MouseMotionListenerInterface public interface MouseMotionListener extends EventListener /* Mouse moved when button pressed */ public void mousedragged(mouseevent e); /* Mouse moved when button not pressed */ public void mousemoved(mouseevent e); 18
19 Using the interface : MyMouseHandler class MyMouseMotionHandler implements MouseMotionListener /* Mouse moved when button pressed */ public void mousedragged(mouseevent e) System.out.print("D"); /* Mouse moved when button not pressed */ public void mousemoved(mouseevent e) System.out.print("M"); label.addmousemotionlistener( new MyMouseMotionHandler() ); Example4 19
20 Adapters As interfaces become larger it may be a pain to implement all of the functions when we only need a few (or one) Adapter classes solve this problem for us They already implement the interface and provide dummy implementations for the functions we just need to implement the ones which will change class MyMouseHandler implements MouseListener public void mouseclicked(mouseevent e) public void mousepressed(mouseevent e) public void mousereleased(mouseevent e) public void mouseentered(mouseevent e) public void mouseexited(mouseevent e) class MyMouseHandler extends MouseAdapter public void mouseclicked(mouseevent e) Example5 20
21 Note: adapter pattern Adapter pattern is another design pattern We will cover this later It is more general than the adapter classes discussed here It converts from one interface to another In my opinion, this isn t exactly what these adapters are doing although it sort of is Warning: don t confuse these adapter classes with the adapter pattern Remember this warning when revising 21
22 Anonymous classes It is really common to create a inner class which is a subclass of an adapter class, or which implements an interface, and just pass the one object into a function You only ever create one object of this class You never need to reuse the class So why bother giving it a name? You can use an anonymous class: Add and the subclass functions implementation onto the end of the new statement new MouseAdapter() public void mouseclicked(mouseevent e) System.out.print("C"); ); Example6 22
23 Anonymous class You don t give an anonymous class a name You can t give it an explicit constructor What would you call it anyway? You can give it member data (member variables) Member variables in Java get zeroed or null ed Unlike C/C++ variables button1.addmousemotionlistener( new MouseMotionAdapter() int count; public void mousedragged(mouseevent e) System.out.print("D" + (count++) ); ); Example7 23
24 Event Queues Events are handled one by one Somethingpicks up your event and calls a function which asks your object to handle the event Not your own function calling it your main ends public static void main( String[] args) new Example7AnonymousClassTwoListeners().go(); new Example7AnonymousClassTwoListeners().go(); // No more main() so main() ends now but your program continues to execute. why? 24
25 Threads Threads are lightweight processes Your process can have multiple threads running inside it They share the same memory (process space) You can create your own threads (next lecture) There are some things that you need to be aware of Java provides simple fixes to avoid most problems You need to use the fixes though Swing creates its own worker thread when you display the first window You need to understand this Swing is not thread-safe only this worker thread should do any drawing not your own code!!! 25
26 Example of main thread doing things doother Stuff() creategui() WorkerThreadTest Pick up event Handle event Main thread starts with main() When it creates the window (setvisible()) another thread will start Normally main() then ends Here we left main() running 26
27 Warning You should not change the GUI from any thread other than the GUI thread The program I just used did so though This is very bad But we got away with it because nothing else was doing things Concept: thread safety A system is thread safe if multiple threads running at the same time and using it cannot cause problems Swing is NOT threadsafe!!! 27
28 Next lecture Threads InvokeLater for Swing Sharing data between threads Safely Monitors Exceptions and exception handling 28
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