String is one of mostly used Object in Java. And this is the reason why String has unique handling in Java(String Pool). The String class represents

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2 String is one of mostly used Object in Java. And this is the reason why String has unique handling in Java(String Pool). The String class represents character strings. All string literals in Java programs, such as abc, are implemented as instances of this class. Strings are like constants, once created its value can not be changed or shared i.e. immutable String Buffer and String Builder can be used in place of String if lot of String Operation is to be performed.

3 String Creation String str = new String("Welcome to MSRIT"); String srt1 = "CSE"; String s = new String( ); Important Methods 1.intern() 2.length() 3.toString() 4.trim

4 Do not use message[0] Use message.charat(index) Index starts from 0 Indices message W e l c o m e t o J a v a message.charat(0) message.length() is 15 message.charat(14) 4

5 String s3 = s1.concat(s2); String s3 = s1 + s2; s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5 is same as (((s1.concat(s2)).concat(s3)).concat(s4)).concat(s5); 5

6 You can extract a single character from a string using the charat method. You can also extract a substring from a string using the substring method in the String class. String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = s1.substring(0, 11) + "HTML"; Indices message W e l c o m e t o J a v a message.substring(0, 11) message.substring(11) 6

7 String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); String s3 = "Welcome to Java"; System.out.println("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); System.out.println("s1 == s3 is " + (s1 == s3)); s1 s3 s2 : String Interned string object for "Welcome to Java" : String A string object for "Welcome to Java" Output: s1 == s2 is false s1 == s3 is true A new object is created if you use the new operator. If you use the string initializer, no new object is created if the interned object is already created. 7

8 java.lang.string +equals(s1: String): boolean +equalsignorecase(s1: String): boolean +compareto(s1: String): int +comparetoignorecase(s1: String): int +regionmatches(toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean +regionmatches(ignorecase: boolean, toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean +startswith(prefix: String): boolean +endswith(suffix: String): boolean Returns true if this string is equal to string s1. Returns true if this string is equal to string s1 caseinsensitive. Returns an integer greater than 0, equal to 0, or less than 0 to indicate whether this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1. Same as compareto except that the comparison is caseinsensitive. Returns true if the specified subregion of this string exactly matches the specified subregion in string s1. Same as the preceding method except that you can specify whether the match is case-sensitive. Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix. Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix. 8

9 java.lang.string +tolowercase(): String +touppercase(): String +trim(): String +replace(oldchar: char, newchar: char): String +replacefirst(oldstring: String, newstring: String): String +replaceall(oldstring: String, newstring: String): String +split(delimiter: String): String[] Returns a new string with all characters converted to lowercase. Returns a new string with all characters converted to uppercase. Returns a new string with blank characters trimmed on both sides. Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this string with the new character. Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in this string with the new substring. Returns a new string that replace all matching substrings in this string with the new substring. Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the delimiter. 9

10 "Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string, welcome. "Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string, WELCOME. " Welcome ".trim() returns a new string, Welcome. "Welcome".replace('e', 'A') returns a new string, WAlcomA. "Welcome".replaceFirst("e", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcome. "Welcome".replace("e", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcomAB. "Welcome".replace("el", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcome. String Split: String[] tokens = "Java#HTML#Perl".split("#", 0); for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) System.out.print(tokens[i] + " "); 10

11 We use primitive data types char to work with characters. Java provides wrapper class Character for primitive data type char. If you pass a primitive char into a method that expects an object, the compiler automatically converts the char to a Character for you. This feature is called autoboxing or unboxing for the reverse. You can create a Character object with the Character constructor: Character ch = new Character('a');

12 "Welcome to Java".indexOf('W') returns 0. "Welcome to Java".indexOf('x') returns -1. "Welcome to Java".indexOf('o', 5) returns 9. "Welcome to Java".indexOf("come") returns 3. "Welcome to Java".indexOf("Java", 5) returns 11. "Welcome to Java".indexOf("java", 5) returns -1. "Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('a') returns

13 The String class provides several static valueof methods for converting a character, an array of characters, and numeric values to strings. These methods have the same name valueof with different argument types char, char[], double, long, int, and float. For example, to convert a double value to a string, use String.valueOf(5.44). The return value is string consists of characters 5,., 4, and 4. 13

14 java.lang.character +Character(value: char) +charvalue(): char +compareto(anothercharacter: Character): int +equals(anothercharacter: Character): boolean +isdigit(ch: char): boolean +isletter(ch: char): boolean +isletterordigit(ch: char): boolean +islowercase(ch: char): boolean +isuppercase(ch: char): boolean +tolowercase(ch: char): char +touppercase(ch: char): char Constructs a character object with char value Returns the char value from this object Compares this character with another Returns true if this character equals to another Returns true if the specified character is a digit Returns true if the specified character is a letter Returns true if the character is a letter or a digit Returns true if the character is a lowercase letter Returns true if the character is an uppercase letter Returns the lowercase of the specified character Returns the uppercase of the specified character 14

15 length: It is a final variable and only applicable for array. It represent size of array. length(): It is a final method applicable only for String objects. It represent number of character present in String. int[] a=new int[10]; System.out.println(a.length); // 10 String s="java"; System.out.println(s.length()); // 4 System.out.println(a.length()); // Compile time error System.out.println(s.length); // Compile time error

16 Implementing tostring method in java is done by overriding the Object s tostring method. The java tostring() method is used when we need a string representation of an object. tostring() method is a special method that can be defined in any class. This method should return a String argument. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the tostring() method on the object. The advantage is : by overriding the tostring() method of the Object class, we can return values of the object, so we don't need to write much code.

17 without tostring() method class Student { int rollno; String name; Student(int rollno, String name) { this.rollno=rollno; this.name=name; } public static void main(string args[]) { Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj ); Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay ); System.out.println(s1.rollno+ +s1.name); //compiler writes here s1.tostring() System.out.println(s2.rollno+ +s2.name); //compiler writes here s2.tostring() } } With Java tostring() method class Student1{ int rollno; String name; Student1(int rollno, String name){ this.rollno=rollno; this.name=name; } //overriding the tostring() method public String tostring() { return rollno+" "+name+" "; } public static void main(string args[]) { Student1 s1=new Student1(101,"Raj"); Student1 s2=new Student1(102, Tej"); System.out.println(s1); //compiler writes here s1.tostring() System.out.println(s2); //compiler writes here s2.tostring() } }

18 Packages can be stated to be a group of related classes. They are just like folders on your computer and the classes within these packages are like the files contained in folders. Packages in Java are the way to organize files when a project has many modules. All we need to do is put related class files in the same directory, give the directory a name that relates to the purpose of the classes, and add a line to the top of each class file that declares the package name, which is the same as the directory name where they reside. In java there are already many predefined packages that we use while programming. For example: java.lang, java.io, java.util etc. However one of the most useful feature of java is that we can define our own packages

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20 Reusability: Reusability of code is one of the most important requirements in the software industry. Reusability saves time, effort and also ensures consistency. A class once developed can be reused by any number of programs wishing to incorporate the class in that particular program. Easy to locate the files. In real life situation there may arise scenarios where we need to define files of the same name. This may lead to name-space collisions. Packages are a way of avoiding name-space collisions.

21 Steps to create a simple package in Java Right Click on Project ->New->Package Name the package as mypack Right Click on mypack & create class A as A.java

22 Steps to create a simple package in Java 1. Create Hello class outside the mypack package as Hello.java 2. Right Click on project-> New->Class->Hello 3. Do not forget to remove mypack in Packages tab and leave blank to default, as it is outside the package. Import above class in below program using import packagename.classname You can use import mypack.* to import all the modules in the package, but this should be avoided. Run Hello.java the out put is

23 At most one package declaration can appear in a source file. The package declaration must be the first statement in the unit. Choose an appropriate class name or interface name and whose modifier must be public. Any package program can contain only one public class or only one public interface but it can contain any number of normal classes. Package program should not contain any main class (i.e., it should not contain any main()) Every package program should be save either with public class name or public Interface name

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25 Difference between Inheritance and package Inheritance concept always used to reuse the feature within the program between class to class, interface to interface and interface to class but not accessing the feature across the program. Package concept is to reuse the feature both within the program and across the programs between class to class, interface to interface and interface to class. Difference between package keyword and import keyword Package keyword is always used for creating the undefined package and placing common classes and interfaces. import is a keyword which is used for referring or using the classes and interfaces of a specific package.

26 Access modifiers help you set the level of access you want for your Class, variables as well as Methods. These are used to where to access and where not to access the data members or methods. In java programming these are classified into four types: Default- Visible to the package. the default. No modifiers are needed. Private - Visible to the class only. Public - Visible to the world. Protected - Visible to the package and all subclasses. If we are not using private protected and public keywords then JVM is by default taking as default access modifiers.

27 private: private members of class in not accessible any where in program these are only accessible within the class. private are also called class level access modifiers. public: public members of any class is accessible any where in program inside the same class and outside of class, within the same package and outside of the package. public are also called universal access modifiers. protected: protected members of class is accessible within the same class and other class of same package and also accessible in inherited class of other package. protected are also called derived level access modifiers. default: default members of class is accessible only within same class and other class of same package. default are also called package level access modifiers.

28 package mypack; Example -1 class Hello { private int a=20; public int b=20; private void show() { System.out.println("Hello java"); } public void disp() { System.out.println("Welcome to java"); } protected void showdata() { System.out.println("Protedted: Hello Java"); } } public class Demo { public static void main(string args[]) { Hello obj=new Hello(); //System.out.println(obj.a); //Compile Time Error, you can't access private data //obj.show(); //Compile Time Error, you can't access private methods System.out.println(obj.b); // Okay obj.disp(); // Okay obj.showdata(); // okay if it is in the same package } }

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30 Perform the following String handling exercises using packages (write a menu driven program ) 1. Write a program to count and display the number of times that the entered character appears in the string. 2. Write a program that counts the number of occurrence of each letter in a string. 3. Write a program to count number of words contained in the string. 4. Write a program to reverse a string and check whether string is a Palindrome or not Write a program that will perform binary operations on integers. The program receives three parameters: an operator and two integers. Take input from command line arguments. E.g input : 2 + 3, output : 5 Create a package named Shapes. Create some classes in the package representing areas of some common geometric shapes like Square, Triangle, rectangle, Circle.

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