1/16/2013. Program Structure. Language Basics. Selection/Iteration Statements. Useful Java Classes. Text/File Input and Output.

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1 Program Structure Language Basics Selection/Iteration Statements Useful Java Classes Text/File Input and Output Java Exceptions Program Structure 1

2 Packages Provide a mechanism for grouping related classes package statement o Indicates a class is part of a package Java assumes all classes in a particular package are contained in same directory import statement o Allows you to use classes contained in other packages Package java.lang is implicitly imported to all Java code Classes Specifies data and methods available for instances of the class Every Java class is a subclass of either o Another Java class o Object class new operator o Creates an object or instance of a class 2

3 Classes Class definition includes Data Fields Class members that are either variables or constants Data field declarations can contain o Access modifiers o Use modifiers o Modules Methods Used to implement operations Perform one well-defined task Syntax of a method declaration o access-modifier use-modifiers return-type method-name (formal-parameter-list) {method-body Arguments are passed by value o Except for objects and arrays: A reference value is copied instead Valued method o Returns a value o contain return expression; 3

4 Methods Constructor Special kind of method Has the same name as the class and no return type Executed only when an object is created A class can contain multiple constructors How to Access Members of an Object Data fields and methods declared public o Name the object, followed by a period, followed by member name Members declared static o Use the class name, followed by a period, followed by member name o Eg. SimpleSphere.DEFAULT_RADIUS; 4

5 Language Basics Comments Comment line o Begins with two slashes (//) o Continues until the end of the line Multiple-line comment o Begins with /* and ends with */ o Useful for debugging o Cannot contain another multiple-line comment javadoc comments o Begins with /** and ends with */ Identifiers and Keywords Identifier o Sequence of letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs o Must begin with either a letter or underscore o Used to name various parts of the program o Java distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters Keywords o Java reserved identifiers 5

6 Variables Represents a memory location Contains a value of primitive type or a reference Its name is a Java identifier Declared by preceding variable name with data type References o double radius; // radius of a sphere o String name; // reference to a String object Data type used to locate an object Java does not allow programmer to perform operations on the reference value Location of object in memory can be assigned to a reference variable Primitive Data Types java.lang provides wrapper classes for each of the primitive types Autoboxing o Automatically converts from a primitive type to the equivalent wrapper class o int x=9; Integer intobject= new Integer(x); Auto-unboxing o Reverse process Literal Constants Indicate particular values within a program Used to initialize the value of a variable Decimal integer constants o Do not use commas, decimal points, or leading zeros o Default data type is either int or long Floating constants o Written using decimal points o Default data type is double Named Constants o Have values that do not change o Declared as a variable but using the keyword final 6

7 Assignments and Expressions Assignment statement o Example: radius = r; Arithmetic expression o Combine variables and constants with arithmetic operators and parentheses Arithmetic operators: *, /, %, +, - Relational expressions o Combine variables and constants with relational, or comparison, and equality operators and parentheses: <, <=, >=, >, ==,!= o Evaluate to true or false Logical expressions o Combine variables and constants of arithmetic types, relational expressions with logical operators: &&, o Evaluate to true or false Arrays Collection of elements with the same data type Array elements have an order Support direct and random access using an index or subscript final int DAYS_PER_WEEK = 7; double [] maxtemps = new double[days_per_week]; Passing an array to a method o Declare the method as follows: public double averagetemp(double[] temps, int n) o Invoke the method by writing: double avg = averagetemp(maxtemps, 6); Selection/Iteration Statements 7

8 SELECTION STATEMENTS The if statement Nested if The switch statement if (expression) statement1 or if (expression) statement1 else statement2 if (expression) { statement1 else if (expression) { else { statement2 statement3 // end if switch (integral expression) { case 1: statement1; break; case 2, case 3: statement2; case 4: statement3; break; default: statement4; //end of switch ITERATION STATEMENTS The for statement for (initialize; test; update) statement for (ArrayElementType variablename : arrayname) statement The while statement while (expression) { statement The do while statement do { statement while (expression); break, continue Useful Java Classes 8

9 USEFUL JAVA CLASSES The Object class Java supports a single class inheritance hierarchy o With class Object as the root Every Java class inherits the methods of the class Object USEFUL JAVA CLASSES String classes Class String o including methods for examining individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to lowercase. Class StringBuffer o A string buffer is like a String, but can be modified. At any point in time it contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the sequence can be changed through certain method calls. String buffers are safe for use by multiple threads. Class StringTokenizer o The string tokenizer class allows an application to break a string into tokens. o The StringTokenizer methods do not distinguish among identifiers, numbers, and quoted strings, nor do they recognize and skip comments. The set of delimiters (the characters that separate tokens) may be specified either at creation time or on a pertoken basis. Text/File Input and Output 9

10 TEXT INPUT AND OUTPUT Text Input and Output Input and output consist of streams Streams o Sequence of characters that either come from or go to an I/O device o InputStream - Input stream class o PrintStream - Output stream class java.lang.system provides three stream variables System.in standard input stream System.out standard output stream System.err standard error stream FILE INPUT AND OUTPUT File Sequence of components of the same type that resides in auxiliary storage Can be large and exists after program execution terminates Files vs. arrays Files grow in size as needed; arrays have a fixed size Files provides both sequential and random access; arrays provide random access Designed for easy communication with people Flexible and easy to use Not efficient with respect to computer time and storage Java Exceptions 10

11 JAVA EXCEPTIONS try-catch blocks syntax try { statement(s); catch (exceptionclass identifier) { statement(s); The finally block finally { statement(s); throws clause public methodname throws ExceptionClassName 11

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