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1 1 class Lecture3 { 2 3 "Selections" 4 5 } 6 7 // Keywords 8 if, else, else if, switch, case, default Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 89 / 137

2 Flow Controls The basic algorithm (and program) is constituted by the following operations: Sequential statements: execute instructions in order. Selection: first check if the predetermined condition is satisfied, then execute the corresponding instruction. Repetition: repeat the execution of some instructions until the criterion fails. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 90 / 137

3 Note that they are involved with each other generally. For example, recall how to find the maximum in the input list? Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 91 / 137

4 Selections One-way if statements Two-way if-else statements Nested if statements Multiway if-else if-else statements switch-case statements Conditional operators Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 92 / 137

5 One-Way if Statements A one-way if statement executes an action if and only if the condition is true. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 93 / 137

6 2 if (condition) { 3 // selection body 4 } 5... The keyword if is followed by the parenthesized condition. The condition should be a boolean expression or a boolean value. It the condition is true, then the statements in the selection body will be executed once. If not, then the program won t enter the selection body and skip the whole selection body. Note that the braces can be omitted if the block contains only single statement. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 94 / 137

7 Example Write a program which receives a nonnegative number as input for the radius of a circle, and determines the area of the circle. 2 double area; 3 if (r > 0) { 4 area = r r 3.14; 5 System.out.println(area); 6 } 7... However, the world is not well-defined. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 95 / 137

8 Two-Way if-else Statements A two-way if-else statement decides which statements to execute based on whether the condition is true or false. 2 if (condition) { 3 // body for the true case 4 } else { 5 // body for the false case 6 } 7... Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 96 / 137

9 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 97 / 137

10 Example Write a program which receives a number as input for the radius of a circle. If the number is nonnegative, then determine the area of the circle; otherwise, output Not a circle. 2 double area; 3 if (r > 0) { 4 area = r r 3.14; 5 System.out.println(area); 6 } else { 7 System.out.println("Not a circle."); 8 } 9 input.close(); 10 } 1 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 98 / 137

11 Nested if Statements For example, 2 if (score >= 90) 3 System.out.println("A"); 4 else { 5 if (score >= 80) 6 System.out.println("B"); 7 else { 8 if (score >= 70) 9 System.out.println("C"); 10 else { 11 if (score >= 60) 12 System.out.println("D"); 13 else 14 System.out.println("F"); 15 } 16 } 17 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 99 / 137

12 Multi-Way if-else Let s redo the previous problem. 2 if (score >= 90) 3 System.out.println("A"); 4 else if (score >= 80) 5 System.out.println("B"); 6 else if (score >= 70) 7 System.out.println("C"); 8 else if (score >= 60) 9 System.out.println("D"); 10 else 11 System.out.println("F"); An if-elseif-else statement is a preferred format for multiple alternatives, in order to avoid deep indentation and make the program easy to read. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 100 / 137

13 The order of conditions may be relevant. (Why?) 2 if ((score >= 90) && (score <= 100)) 3 else if ((score >= 80) && (score < 90)) else 6... The performance may degrade due to the order of conditions. (Why?) Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 101 / 137

14 Common Errors 2 double area; 3 if (r > 0); 4 area = r r 3.14; 5 System.out.println(area); 6... Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 102 / 137

15 Example Generating random numbers Write a program which generates 2 random integers and asks the user to answer the math expression. For example, the program shows =? If the user answers 7, then the program reports Correct. and terminates. Otherwise, the program reports Wrong answer. The correct answer is 7. for this case. You may use Math.random() for a random value between 0.0 and 1.0, excluding themselves. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 103 / 137

16 2 int x = (int) (Math.random() 10); // integers int y = (int) (Math.random() 10); 4 int answer = x + y; 5 6 System.out.println(x + " + " + y + " =?"); 7 8 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 9 int z = input.nextint(); if (z == answer) 12 System.out.println("Correct."); 13 else 14 System.out.println("Wrong. Answer: " + answer); 15 input.close(); Can you extend this program for all arithmetic expressions (i.e., + )? Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 104 / 137

17 Exercise Find Max Write a program which determines the maximum value in 3 random integers whose range from 0 to 99. How many variables do we need? How to compare? How to keep the maximum value? Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 105 / 137

18 2 int x = (int) (Math.random() 100); 3 int y = (int) (Math.random() 100); 4 int z = (int) (Math.random() 100); 5 6 int max = x; 7 if (y > max) max = y; 8 if (z > max) max = z; 9 System.out.println("max = " + max); In this case, a scalar variable is not convenient. (Why?) So we need arrays and loops. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 106 / 137

19 switch-case Statements A switch-case structure takes actions depending on the target variable. 2 switch (target) { 3 case v1: 4 // statements 5 break; 6 case v2: case vk: 10 // statements 11 break; 12 default: 13 // statements 14 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 107 / 137

20 A switch-case statement is more convenient than an if statement for multiple discrete conditions. The variable target, always enclosed in parentheses, must yield a value of char, byte, short, int, or String type. The value v 1,..., and v k must have the same data type as the variable target. In each case, a break statement is a must. 1 break is used to break a construct! The default case, which is optional, can be used to perform actions when none of the specified cases matches target. Counterpart to else statements. 1 If not, there will be a fall-through behavior. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 108 / 137

21 Example 2 // RED: 0 3 // YELLOW: 1 4 // GREEN: 2 5 int trafficlight = (int) (Math.random() 3); 6 switch (trafficlight) { 7 case 0: 8 System.out.println("Stop!!!"); 9 break; 10 case 1: 11 System.out.println("Slow down!!"); 12 break; 13 case 2: 14 System.out.println("Go!"); 15 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 109 / 137

22 Conditional Operators A conditional expression evaluates an expression based on the specified condition and returns a value accordingly. 2 somevar = booleanexpr? expra : exprb; 3... This is the only ternary operator in Java. If the boolean expression is evaluated true, then return expr A; otherwise, expr B. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 110 / 137

23 For example, 2 if (num1 > num2) 3 max = num1; 4 else 5 max = num2; 6... Alternatively, one can use a conditional expression like this: 2 max = (num1 > num2)? num1 : num2; 3... Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 111 / 137

24 1 class Lecture4 { 2 3 "Loops" 4 5 } 6 7 // keywords: 8 while, do, for, break, continue Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 112 / 137

25 Loops A loop can be used to make a program execute statements repeatedly without having to code the same statements. For example, a program outputs Hello, Java. for 100 times. 2 System.out.println("Hello, Java."); 3 System.out.println("Hello, Java."); // copy and paste for 100 times 6. 7 System.out.println("Hello, Java."); 8... Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 113 / 137

26 2 int cnt = 0; 3 while (cnt < 100) { 4 System.out.println("Hello, Java."); 5 cnt++; 6 } 7... This is a simple example to show the power of loops. In practice, any routine which repeats couples of times 2 can be done by folding them into a loop. 2 I prefer to call them patterns. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 114 / 137

27 成也迴圈, 敗也迴圈 Loops provide substantial computational power. Loops bring an efficient way of programming. Loops could consume a lot of time. 3 3 We will visit the analysis of algorithms in the end of this lecture. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 115 / 137

28 while Loops A while loop executes statements repeatedly while the condition is true. 2 while (condition) { 3 // loop body 4 } 5... The condition should be a boolean expression which determines whether or not the execution of the body occurs. If true, the loop body is executed and check the condition again. Otherwise, the entire loop terminates. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 116 / 137

29 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 117 / 137

30 Example Write a program which sums up all integers from 1 to 100. In math, the question can be written as: sum = But this form is not doable in the machine. 4 4 We need to develop computational thinking. Read or Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 118 / 137

31 Normally, the machine executes the instructions sequentially. So one needs to decompose the math equation into several steps, like: 2 int sum = 0; 3 sum = sum + 1; 4 sum = sum + 2; sum = sum + 100; 9... It is obvious that many similar statements can be found. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 119 / 137

32 Using a while loop, the program can be rearranged as follows: 2 int sum = 0; 3 int i = 1; 4 while (i <= 100) { 5 sum = sum + i; 6 ++i; 7 } 8... You should guarantee that the loop will terminate as expected. In practice, the number of loop steps (iterations) is unknown until the input data is given. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 120 / 137

33 Malfunctioned Loops It is really easy to make an infinite loop. 2 while (true); 3... The common errors of the loops are: never start never stop not complete exceed the expected number of iterations Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 121 / 137

34 Example Write a program which asks the sum of two random integers and lets the user repeatedly enter a new answer until correct. 2 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 3 int x = (int) (Math.random() 10); 4 int y = (int) (Math.random() 10); 5 int ans = x + y; 6 7 System.out.println(x + " + " + y + " =? "); 8 int z = input.nextint(); 9 10 while (z!= ans) { 11 System.out.println("Try again? "); 12 z = input.nextint(); 13 } 14 System.out.println("Correct."); 15 input.close(); Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 122 / 137

35 Loop Design Strategy Writing a correct loop is not an easy task for novice programmers. Consider 3 steps when writing a loop: Find the pattern: identify the statements that need to be repeated. Wrap by loops: put these statements in the loop. Set the continuation condition: translate the criterion from the real world problem into computational conditions. 5 5 Not unique. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 123 / 137

36 Sentinel-Controlled Loops Another common technique for controlling a loop is to designate a special value when reading and processing a set of values. This special input value, known as a sentinel value, signifies the end of the loop. For example, the operating systems and the GUI apps. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 124 / 137

37 Example: Cashier Problem Write a program which sums over positive integers from consecutive inputs and then outputs the sum when the input is nonpositive. 2 int total = 0; 3 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 4 5 System.out.println("Enter price?"); 6 int price = input.nextint(); 7 while (price > 0) { 8 total += price; 9 System.out.println("Enter price?"); 10 price = input.nextint(); 11 // These two lines above repeat Line 3 and 4?! 12 } System.out.println("Total = " + total); 15 input.close(); Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 125 / 137

38 do-while Loops A do-while loop is similar to a while loop except that it does execute the loop body first and then checks the loop continuation condition. 2 do { 3 // loop body 4 } while (condition); // Do not miss the semicolon! 5... Note that there is a semicolon at the end of the do-while loop. The do-while loops are also called posttest loops, in contrast to while loops, which are pretest loops. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 126 / 137

39 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 127 / 137

40 Example (Revisted) Write a program which sums over positive integers from consecutive inputs and then outputs the sum when the input is nonpositive. 2 int total = 0, price = 0; 3 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 4 5 do { 6 total += price; 7 System.out.println("Enter price?"); 8 price = input.nextint(); 9 } while (price > 0); System.out.println("Total = " + total); 12 input.close(); Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 128 / 137

41 for Loops A for loop generally uses a variable to control how many times the loop body is executed. 2 for (init action; condition; increment) { 3 // loop body 4 } 5... init-action: declare and initialize a variable condition: set a criterion for loop continuation increment: how the variable changes after each iteration Note that these terms are separated by semicolons. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 129 / 137

42 Sum from 1 to 100 Example Write a program which sums from 1 to int sum = 0; 3 for (int i = 1; i <= 100; ++i) 4 sum = sum + i; 5... Compared to the while version, 2 int sum = 0; 3 int i = 1; 4 while (i <= 100) { 5 sum = sum + i; 6 ++i; 7 } 8... Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 130 / 137

43 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 131 / 137

44 Example: Selection Resided in Loop Display all even numbers Write a program which displays all even numbers smaller than 100. An even number is an integer of the form x = 2k, where k is an integer. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 132 / 137

45 You may use the modular operator (%). 2 for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { 3 if (i % 2 == 0) System.out.println(i); 4 } 5... Also consider this alternative: 2 for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i += 2) { 3 System.out.println(i); 4 } 5... How about odd numbers? Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 133 / 137

46 Example: Monte Carlo Simulation 6 Write a program which conducts a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate π. 6 See Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 134 / 137

47 Jump Statements The keyword break and continue are often used in repetition structures to provide additional controls. break: the loop is terminated right after a break statement is executed. continue: the loop skips this iteration right after a continue statement is executed. In practice, jump statements in loops should be conditioned. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 135 / 137

48 Example: Primality Write a program which determines if the input integer is a prime number. Let x > 1 be any natural number. Then x is said to be a prime number if x has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. It is then straightforward to check if it is prime by dividing x by all natural numbers smaller than x. For speedup, you can divide x by only numbers smaller than x. (Why?) Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 136 / 137

49 2 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 3 System.out.println("Enter x > 2?"); 4 int x = input.nextint(); 5 boolean isprime = true; 6 input.close(); 7 8 double upperbd = Math.sqrt(x); 9 for (int y = 2; y < upperbd; y++) { 10 if (x % y == 0) { 11 isprime = false; 12 break; 13 } 14 } if (isprime) { 17 System.out.println("Prime"); 18 } else { 19 System.out.println("Composite"); 20 } 2 Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 137 / 137

1 class Lecture3 { 2 3 "Selections" // Keywords 8 if, else, else if, switch, case, default. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 88 / 133

1 class Lecture3 { 2 3 Selections // Keywords 8 if, else, else if, switch, case, default. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 88 / 133 1 class Lecture3 { 2 3 "Selections" 4 5 } 6 7 // Keywords 8 if, else, else if, switch, case, default Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 88 / 133 Flow Controls The basic algorithm (and program) is constituted

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