Java servlets CSCI 470: Web Science Keith Vertanen Copyright 2013
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1 Java servlets CSCI 470: Web Science Keith Vertanen Copyright 2013
2 Overview Dynamic web content genera2on (thus far) CGI Web server modules Server- side scrip2ng e.g. PHP, ASP, JSP Custom web server Java servlets (today) Java class implemen2ng a specific interface Override doget(), dopost() Hosted in a web- server with servlet support e.g. Apache Tomcat, JBoss, JeKy, IBM Websphere 2
3 Portability Why servlets? WriKen in Java, works across different opera2ng systems and server implementa2ons Power Func2onality in core Java API and 3 rd party classes Efficiency and endurance Servlets stay in memory as single object instance Can maintains persistent state Safety Strong typing, excep2on- handling, automa2c garbage collec2on 3
4 Elegance Why servlets? Develop web- app in a high- level object- oriented language Integra2on Tightly integrated with server compared to CGI e.g. translate file paths, access to logging Extensibility and flexibility Easy to extend to specialized needs e.g. WebSocket server 4
5 Applets What about applets? Java programs embedded in a web page <applet> tag in the HTML Appears in a box like other page elements (e.g. images) But you can interact with it, pushing bukons, etc. Requires Java plug- in, not always available (iphone) Operates in a security "sandbox" Not allowed to access: Local file system, clipboard, arbitrary web sites, etc. <html> <body> <h2>don't panic about frogs!</h2> <applet code="panicappletparam.class" width="500" height="500"> <param name="image" value="frog.jpg"> <param name="sound" value="frog.wav"> Java plugin not installed </applet> </body> </html> 5
6 Java servlets Java web server and applet container HTTP request 1 HTTP response 1 HTTP request 2 HTTP response 2 Web app 1 JSP page JSP page Servlet Servlet JSP = JavaServer Page Server- side scrip2ng language like PHP JSP page Web app 2 JSP page Servlet = Java class that persists in the applet container Servlet Servlet 6
7 Java servlet Servlet API Normal Java class implemen2ng the interface javax.servlet.servlet Usually extend HttpServlet A HTTP protocol specific servlet, override: void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) void dopost(httpservletrequest request, Could extend GenericServlet HttpServletResponse response) Generic protocol independent servlet, override: void service(servletrequest request, No main() method ServletResponse response) 7
8 import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; Hello World servlet public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet protected void doget(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException String q = req.getparameter("q"); PrintWriter out = resp.getwriter(); out.println("<html>"); out.println("<body>"); out.println("the paramter q was \"" + q + "\"."); out.println("</body>"); out.println("</html>"); protected void dopost(httpservletrequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException String field = req.getparameter("field"); PrintWriter out = resp.getwriter(); out.println("<html>"); out.println("<body>"); out.println("you entered \"" + field + "\" into the text box."); out.println("</body>"); out.println("</html>"); 8
9 Servlet container Servlets live in a container Standalone web server with servlet support Bundle applica2on in a Web applica2on ARchive (WAR) e.g. Apache Tomcat, JeKy, GlassFish, Java web server and applet container JSP page Servlet JSP page Web app 1 Web app 2 JSP page Servlet JSP page Servlet Servlet Add- on to exis2ng web server e.g. Tomcat plugged into Apache Embedded e.g. Lightweight servlet deployment embedded in another applica2on 9
10 Embedding JeKy An embedded diversion "Don't deploy your applica2on in JeKy, deploy JeKy in your applica2on" public class HelloWorldEmbedded extends AbstractHandler public void handle(string target, Request baserequest, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException response.setcontenttype("text/html;charset=utf- 8"); response.setstatus(httpservletresponse.sc_ok); baserequest.sethandled(true); response.getwriter().println("<h1>hello World</h1>"); public static void main(string[] args) throws Exception Server server = new Server(8080); server.sethandler(new HelloWorldEmbedded()); server.start(); server.join(); A Java applicadon with an embedded web server. 10
11 public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet private String greeting = "Hello World"; private int count = 0; public HelloServlet() public HelloServlet(String greeting) this.greeting = greeting; public int getcountincrement() return ++count; HelloServlet v2.0 protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException response.setcontenttype("text/html"); response.setstatus(httpservletresponse.sc_ok); response.getwriter().println("<h1>" + greeting+"</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("<h1>you are visitor " + getcountincrement() + "</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("session=" + request.getsession(true).getid()); Simple servlet that prints a greedng and a count of hits to the servlet. 11
12 Embedded servlet container public class OneServletContext public static void main(string[] args) throws Exception Server server = new Server(8080); ServletContextHandler context = new ServletContextHandler(ServletContextHandler.SESSIONS); context.setcontextpath("/"); server.sethandler(context); context.addservlet(new ServletHolder(new HelloServlet()),"/*"); context.addservlet(new ServletHolder(new HelloServlet("Buongiorno Mondo")),"/it/*"); context.addservlet(new ServletHolder(new HelloServlet("Bonjour le Monde")),"/fr/*"); server.start(); server.join(); Main program that hosts three versions of the Hello World servlet. 12
13 Servlet life cycle If instance of servlet does not exist, container: Loads the servlet class Creates an instance of the servlet class Ini2alized the servlet by call to init method May be called when server starts, when first requested, or at request of admin Invokes the service method Passing request and response objects If container needs to remove servlet: Finalizes by calling destroy method 13
14 Servlet instance persistence Servlets persist between requests Container holds an instance of an object All requests for a par2cular servlet serviced by the same object Improves performance: Keeps memory footprint small Eliminates object crea2on expense Avoids process startup expense (as with CGI) Servlet can reuse resources 14
15 Servlet thread model Java web server and applet container Web app JSP page JSP page Servlet 1 Servlet 2 Thread Thread Thread Each client request is another thread that calls the servlet via the doget() or dopost() methods. Request for Servlet 1 Request for Servlet 2 Request for Servlet 1 15
16 Thread safety Non- local variables are not thread- safe! e.g. instance variables of the class public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet private String greeting = "Hello World"; private int count = 0; public HelloServlet(String greeting) this.greeting = greeting; public int getcountincrement() return ++count; protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException response.setcontenttype("text/html"); response.setstatus(httpservletresponse.sc_ok); response.getwriter().println("<h1>" + greeting+"</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("<h1>you are visitor " + getcountincrement() + "</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("session=" + request.getsession(true).getid()); 16
17 Tes2ng our servlet's safety % ab - n c 1 Benchmarking localhost (be patient) Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Finished requests... Requests per second: Time per request: Time per request: concurrent requests) Transfer rate: [#/sec] (mean) [ms] (mean) [ms] (mean, across all [Kbytes/sec] received... 17
18 Tes2ng our servlet's safety % ab - n c 10 Benchmarking localhost (be patient) Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Finished requests... Requests per second: Time per request: Time per request: concurrent requests) Transfer rate: [#/sec] (mean) [ms] (mean) [ms] (mean, across all [Kbytes/sec]... 9 updates went missing! 18
19 Thread safety Synchronize access to shared data! e.g. instance variables of the class public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet private String greeting = "Hello World"; private int count = 0; public HelloServlet(String greeting) this.greeting = greeting; public int synchronized getcountincrement() return ++count; protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException response.setcontenttype("text/html"); response.setstatus(httpservletresponse.sc_ok); response.getwriter().println("<h1>" + greeting+"</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("<h1>you are visitor " + getcountincrement() + "</h1>"); response.getwriter().println("session=" + request.getsession(true).getid()); 19
20 Now you can really bang on it % ab - n c 10 Benchmarking localhost (be patient) Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Completed requests Finished requests... Requests per second: Time per request: Time per request: concurrent requests) Transfer rate: [#/sec] (mean) [ms] (mean) [ms] (mean, across all [Kbytes/sec]... 20
21 HttpServletRequest Encapsulates all info from client request HTTP request header and body Retrieve data using methods Inherited from ServletRequest: String getparameter(string name) Enumeration<String> getparameternames() String[] getparametervalues(string name) ServletInputStream getinputstream() BufferedReader getreader() protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response); protected void dopost(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response); 21
22 HttpServletResponse Encapsulates all data returned to client Set HTTP response header: void setstatus(int sc) void setheader(string name, String value) void setcontenttype(string type) void sendredirect(string location) void senderror(int sc) Set HTTP response body: Obtain PrintWriter or ServletOutputStream to return data to client PrintWriter getwriter() ServletOutputStream getoutputstream() protected void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response); protected void dopost(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response); 22
23 Session management: adding cookies Tracking user's state with cookies Cookie class: Cookie(String name, String value) void setmaxage(int expiry) void setdomain(string pattern) void setpath(string uri) void setsecure(boolean flag) HttpServletResponse class: void addcookie(cookie cookie) HTTP/ OK Date: Thu, 17 Nov :54:10 GMT Server: Jetty(9.0.0.RC2) Content- Length: 285 Set- Cookie: sessionid=528fa623; path=/; Expires=Wed, 09 Mar :00:00 GMT <html><body> 23
24 Session management: retrieving cookies Check what cookies are set in HTTP request HttpServletRequest class: Cookie[] getcookies() Cookie class: String getname() String getvalue() String getdomain() String getpath() boolean getsecure() GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: katie.mtech.edu User- agent: Mozilla/4.0 Cookie: sessionid=528fa623 24
25 Servlet's built- in session tracking Most servers support session tracking HTTP cookie provides session key Servlet uses key to retrieve session state Session objects maintained in memory Some servers allow wri2ng to file system or database Objects stored in session need to be serializable User associated with HttpSession object: HttpSessionRequest class Get current session or create new one: HttpSession getsession() 25
26 HttpSession Gemng data: Object getattribute(string name) Enumeration<String> getattributenames() Semng data: void setattribute(string name, Object val) Moving data: void removeattribute(string name) 26
27 Session lifecycle Sessions do not last forever Automa2cally expire aner period of inac2vity int getmaxinactiveinterval() void setmaxinactiveinterval() Explicitly invalidated by servlet void invalidate() Inac2ve or invalidated session HttpSession object removed along with data values it contains 27
28 Java servlets Summary Another way to do dynamic content genera2on Run a web server with servlet support or embedded in an exis2ng app Development in high- level object- oriented language Persistent servlet object that services requests Efficient reuse of the same object Can be hit in parallel by mul2ple threads Protect concurrent access to shared data! Support for tracking session state 28
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