HAS-A Relationship. If A uses B, then it is an aggregation, stating that B exists independently from A.
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1 HAS-A Relationship Association is a weak relationship where all objects have their own lifetime and there is no ownership. For example, teacher student; doctor patient. If A uses B, then it is an aggregation, stating that B exists independently from A. For example, knight sword; company employee. If A owns B, then it is a composition, meaning that B has no meaning or purpose in the system without A. For example, house room. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 247 / 269
2 Example: Lines +2: two Point objects used in one Line object. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 248 / 269
3 1 public class Line { 2 private Point head, tail; 3 4 public Line(Point p1, Point p2) { 5 head = p1; 6 tail = p2; 7 } 8 9 public double getlength() { 10 return head.getdistancefrom(tail); 11 } public static double measurelength(line line) { 14 return line.getlength(); 15 } 16 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 249 / 269
4 More Examples Circle, Triangle, and Polygon. Book with Authors. Lecturer and Students in the classroom. Zoo with many creatures, say Dog, Cat, and Bird. Channels played on TV. More. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 250 / 269
5 More About Objects Inheritance: passing down states and behaviors from the parents to their children. Interfaces: requiring objects for the demanding methods which are exposed to the outside world. Polymorphism Packages: grouping related types, and providing access controls and name space management. Immutability Enumeration types Inner classes Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 251 / 269
6 First IS-A Relationship: Inheritance The relationships among Java classes form class hierarchy. We can define new classes by inheriting commonly used states and behaviors from predefined classes. A class is a subclass of some class, which is so-called the superclass, by using the extends keyword. For example, B extends A. In semantics, B is a special case of A, or we could say B specializes A. For example, human and dog are two specific types of animals. When both B and C are subclasses of A, we say that A generalizes B and C. (Déjà vu.) Note that Java allows single inheritance only. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 252 / 269
7 1 class Animal { 2 String name; 3 int weight; 4 Example 5 Animal(String s, int w) { name = s; weight = w; } 6 7 void eat() { weight++; } 8 void exercise() { weight ; } 9 } class Human extends Animal { 12 Human(String s, int w) { super(s, w); } // why? 13 void writecode() {} 14 } class Dog extends Animal { 17 Dog(String s, int w) { super(s, w); } void watchdoor() {} 20 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 253 / 269
8 super Recall that the keyword this is used to refer to the object itself. You can use the keyword super to refer to (non-private) members of the superclass. Note that super() can be used to invoke the constructor of its superclass, just similar to this(). Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 254 / 269
9 Class Hierarchy 1 1 See Fig. 3-1 in p. 113 of Evans and Flanagan. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 255 / 269
10 Constructor Chaining As the constructor is invoked, the constructor of its superclass is invoked accordingly. You might think that there will be a whole chain of constructors called, all the way back to the constructor of the class Object, the topmost class in Java. So every class is an immediate or a distant subclass of Object. For example, finalize() and tostring() are inherited from Object. tostring(): return a string which can be any information stored in the object. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 256 / 269
11 Example 1 class A { 2 A() { System.out.println("A is creating..."); } 3 } 4 5 class B extends A { 6 B() { System.out.println("B is creating..."); } 7 // annotation 9 public String tostring() { return "say something"; } 10 } public class ConstructorChainingDemo { 13 public static void main(string[] args) { 14 B b = new B(); 15 System.out.println(b); 16 } 17 } The println() method (and similar methods) can take an object as input, and invoke tostring() method implicitly. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 257 / 269
12 Method Overriding A subclass is allowed to change the behavior inherited from its superclass, if necessary. If one defines an instance method with its signature and return type, all identical to the one defined in its superclass, then we call it method overriding. 2 Recall that method overloading occurs only in the same class. Note that you could invoke the overridden method by using super. 2 Notice that the static methods do not follow this rule. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 258 / 269
13 Example Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 259 / 269
14 Binding Association of the method definition to the method call is known as binding. The binding which can be resolved at the compilation time is known as static binding or early binding. They are the static, private or final methods. 3 If the compiler is not able to resolve the binding, such binding is known as dynamic binding or late binding. For example, method overriding. 3 We will see the final keyword soon. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 260 / 269
15 When there are multiple implementations of the method in the inheritance hierarchy, the one in the most derived class (the furthest down the hierarchy) always overrides the others, even if we refer to the object through a reference variable of the superclass type. 4 As you can see in Cat Simon. This is so-called subtype polymorphism. 4 An overridden method in Java acts like a virtual function in C++. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 261 / 269
16 Polymorphism 5 The word polymorphism literally means many forms. Java allows 4 types of polymorphism: coercion (casting) ad hoc polymorphism (overloading) subtype polymorphism parametric polymorphism (generics) Modeling polymorphism in a programming language lets you create a uniform interface to different kinds of operands, arguments, and objects. 5 Read java-101-polymorphism-in-java.html. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 262 / 269
17 Example: Uniform Interface 1 class Student { 2 void domyjob() { / Do not know the detail yet. /} 3 } 4 5 class HighSchoolStudent extends Student { 6 void dohomework() {} 7 9 void domyjob() { dohomework(); } 10 } class CollegeStudent extends Student { 13 void writefinalreports() {} void domyjob() { writefinalreports(); } 17 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 263 / 269
18 1 public class PolymorphismDemo { 2 3 public static void main(string[] args) { 4 HighSchoolStudent h = new HighSchoolStudent(); 5 gostudy(h); 6 CollegeStudent c = new CollegeStudent(); 7 gostudy(c); 8 } 9 10 // uniform interface, multiple implementations; 11 // enhance the flexibility by reducing dependancy, 12 // for future extension (scalability) 13 public static void gostudy(student s) { 14 s.domyjob(); 15 } / no need to write these methods 18 public static void gostudy(highschoolstudent s) { 19 s.dohomework(); 20 } public static void gostudy(collegestudent s) { 23 s.writefinalreports(); 24 } 25 / 26 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 264 / 269
19 Subtype Polymorphism For convenience, let U be a subtype of T. Liskov Substitution Principle states that T-type objects may be replaced with U-type objects without altering any of the desirable properties of T (correctness, task performed, etc.). 6,7 6 See 7 Also see Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 265 / 269
20 Casting Upcasting (widening conversion) is to cast the U object to the T variable. 1 T t = new U(); Downcasting (narrow conversion) is to cast the T variable to a U variable. 1 U u = (U) t; // t is T variable reference to a U object. Upcasting is always allowed, but downcasting is allowed only when a U object is passed to the U-type variable. Java type system makes sure that the referenced object provides services adequate for T type. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 266 / 269
21 instanceof However, type-checking in compilation time is unsound. The operator instanceof checks if the referenced object is of the type in question. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 267 / 269
22 1 class T {} 2 class U extends T {} 3 Example 4 public class InstanceofDemo { 5 public static void main(string[] args) { 6 T t1 = new T(); 7 8 System.out.println(t1 instanceof U); // output false 9 System.out.println(t1 instanceof T); // output true T t2 = new U(); // upcasting System.out.println(t2 instanceof U); // output true 14 System.out.println(t2 instanceof T); // output true U u = (U) t2; // downcasting; this is ok u = (U) new T(); // pass the compilation; fail during execution! 19 } 20 } Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 268 / 269
23 Abstraction, Method Overriding, and Polymorphism JVM invokes the appropriate method for the current object by looking up from the bottom of the class hierarchy to the top. These methods are also called virtual methods. This preserves the behaviors of the subtype objects and the super-type variables play the role of placeholder. We often manipulate objects in an abstract level; we don t need to know the details when we use them. For example, computers, cellphones, driving. Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 269 / 269
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