Fundamentals of Web Development. Web Development. Fundamentals of. Global edition. Global edition. Randy Connolly Ricardo Hoar

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1 Connolly Hoar This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Fundamentals of Web Development For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version. Global edition Global edition Global edition Fundamentals of Web Development Randy Connolly Ricardo Hoar Pearson Global Edition CONNOLLY_ _mech.indd 1 09/09/14 9:11 PM

2 Fundamentals of Web Development

3 Fundamentals of Web Development, Global Edition Table of Contents Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 How the Web Works 1.1 Definitions and History A Short History of the Internet The Birth of the Web Web Applications in Comparison to Desktop Applications Static Websites versus Dynamic Websites Web 2.0 and Beyond 1.2 Internet Protocols A Layered Architecture Link Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer 1.3 The Client-Server Model The Client The Server The Request-Response Loop The Peer-to-Peer Alternative Server Types Real-World Server Installations 1.4 Where Is the Internet? From the Computer to the Local Provider From the Local Provider to the Oceans Edge Across the Oceans 1.5 Domain Name System Name Levels Name Registration Address Resolution 1.6 Uniform Resource Locators Protocol Domain

4 Port Path Query String Fragment 1.7 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Headers Request Methods Response Codes 1.8 Web Servers Operating Systems Web Server Software Database Software Scripting Software 1.9 Chapter Summary Chapter 2 Introduction to HTML 2.1 What Is HTML and Where Did It Come from? XHTML HTML5 2.2 HTML Syntax Elements and Attributes Nesting HTML Elements 2.3 Semantic Markup 2.4 Structure of HTML Documents DOCTYPE Head and Body 2.5 Quick Tour of HTML Elements Headings Paragraphs and Divisions Links URL Relative Referencing Inline Text Elements Images Character Entities Lists 2.6 HTML5 Semantic Structure Elements Header and Footer Heading Groups Navigation

5 Articles and Sections Figure and Figure Captions Aside 2.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 Introduction to CSS 3.1 What Is CSS? Benefits of CSS CSS Versions Browser Adoption 3.2 CSS Syntax Selectors Properties Values 3.3 Location of Styles Inline Styles Embedded Style Sheet External Style Sheet 3.4 Selectors Element Selectors Class Selectors Id Selectors Attribute Selectors Pseudo-Element and Pseudo-Class Selectors Contextual Selectors 3.5 The Cascade: How Styles Interact Inheritance Specificity Location 3.6 The Box Model Background Borders Margins and Padding Box Dimensions 3.7 CSS Text Styling Font Family Font Sizes Paragraph Properties 3.8 Chapter Summary

6 Chapter 4 HTML Tables and Forms 4.1 Introducing Tables Basic Table Structure Spanning Rows and Columns Additional Table Elements Using Tables for Layout 4.2 Styling Tables Table Borders Boxes and Zebras 4.3 Introducing Forms Form Structure How Forms Work Query Strings The <form> Element 4.4 Form Control Elements Text Input Controls Choice Controls Button Controls Specialized Controls Date and Time Controls 4.5 Table and Form Accessibility Accessible Tables Accessible Forms 4.6 Microformats 4.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 5 Advanced CSS: Layout 5.1 Normal Flow 5.2 Positioning Elements Relative Positioning Absolute Positioning Z-Index Fixed Position 5.3 Floating Elements

7 Floating within a Container Floating Multiple Items Side by Side Containing Floats Overlaying and Hiding Elements 5.4 Constructing Multicolumn Layouts Using Floats to Create Columns Using Positioning to Create Columns 5.5 Approaches to CSS Layout Fixed Layout Liquid Layout Other Layout Approaches 5.6 Responsive Design Setting Viewports Media Queries 5.7 CSS Frameworks Grid Systems CSS Preprocessors 5.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 6 JavaScript: Client-Side Scripting 6.1 What Is JavaScript and What Can It Do? Client-Side Scripting JavaScripts History and Uses 6.2 JavaScript Design Principles Layers Users without JavaScript Graceful Degradation and Progressive Enhancement 6.3 Where Does JavaScript Go? Inline JavaScript Embedded JavaScript External JavaScript Advanced Inclusion of JavaScript 6.4 Syntax Variables Comparison Operators Logical Operators Conditionals Loops Functions

8 Errors Using Try and Catch 6.5 JavaScript Objects Constructors Properties Objects Included in JavaScript Window Object 6.6 The Document Object Model (DOM) Nodes Document Object Element Node Object Modifying a DOM Element Additional Properties 6.7 JavaScript Events Inline Event Handler Approach Listener Approach Event Object Event Types 6.8 Forms Validating Forms Submitting Forms 6.9 Chapter Summary Chapter 7 Web Media 7.1 Digital Representations of Images 7.2 Color Models RGB CMYK HSL Opacity Color Relationships 7.3 Image Concepts Color Depth Image Size Display Resolution 7.4 File Formats JPEG GIF PNG

9 SVG Other Formats 7.5 Audio and Video Media Concepts Browser Video Support Browser Audio Support 7.6 HTML5 Canvas 7.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 8 Introduction to Server-Side Development with PHP 8.1 What Is Server-Side Development? Comparing Client and Server Scripts Server-Side Script Resources Comparing Server-Side Technologies 8.2 A Web Servers Responsibilities Apache and Linux Apache and PHP PHP Internals Installing Apache, PHP, and MySQL for Local Development 8.3 Quick Tour of PHP PHP Tags PHP Comments Variables, Data Types, and Constants Writing to Output 8.4 Program Control if... else switch... case while and do... while for Alternate Syntax for Control Structures Include Files 8.5 Functions Function Syntax Calling a Function Parameters Variable Scope within Functions 8.6 Chapter Summary

10 Chapter 9 PHP Arrays and Superglobals 9.1 Arrays Defining and Accessing an Array Multidimensional Arrays Iterating through an Array Adding and Deleting Elements Array Sorting More Array Operations Superglobal Arrays 9.2 $_GET and $_POST Superglobal Arrays Determining If Any Data Sent Accessing Form Array Data Using Query Strings in Hyperlinks Sanitizing Query Strings 9.3 $_SERVER Array Server Information Keys Request Header Information Keys 9.4 $_FILES Array HTML Required for File Uploads Handling the File Upload in PHP Checking for Errors File Size Restrictions Limiting the Type of File Upload Moving the File 9.5 Reading/Writing Files Stream Access In-Memory File Access 9.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 10 PHP Classes and Objects 10.1 Object-Oriented Overview Terminology The Unified Modeling Language Differences between Server and Desktop Objects 10.2 Classes and Objects in PHP

11 Defining Classes Instantiating Objects Properties Constructors Methods Visibility Static Members Class Constants 10.3 Object-Oriented Design Data Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism Object Interfaces 10.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 11 Working with Databases 11.1 Databases and Web Development The Role of Databases in Web Development Database Design Database Options 11.2 SQL SELECT Statement INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Statements Transactions Data Definition Statements Database Indexes and Efficiency 11.3 Database APIs PHP MySQL APIs Deciding on a Database API 11.4 Managing a MySQL Database Command-Line Interface phpmyadmin MySQL Workbench 11.5 Accessing MySQL in PHP Connecting to a Database Handling Connection Errors Executing the Query Processing the Query Results

12 Freeing Resources and Closing Connection Using Transactions 11.6 Case Study Schemas Art Database Book CRM Database Travel Photo Sharing Database 11.7 Sample Database Techniques Display a List of Links Search and Results Page Editing a Record Saving and Displaying Raw Files in the Database 11.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 12 Error Handling and Validation 12.1 What Are Errors and Exceptions? Types of Errors Exceptions 12.2 PHP Error Reporting The error_reporting Setting The display_errors Setting The log_error Setting 12.3 PHP Error and Exception Handling Procedural Error Handling Object-Oriented Exception Handling Custom Error and Exception Handlers 12.4 Regular Expressions Regular Expression Syntax Extended Example 12.5 Validating User Input Types of Input Validation Notifying the User How to Reduce Validation Errors 12.6 Where to Perform Validation Validation at the JavaScript Level Validation at the PHP Level 12.7 Chapter Summary

13 Chapter 13 Managing State 13.1 The Problem of State in Web Applications 13.2 Passing Information via Query Strings 13.3 Passing Information via the URL Path URL Rewriting in Apache and Linux 13.4 Cookies How Do Cookies Work? Using Cookies Persistent Cookie Best Practices 13.5 Serialization Application of Serialization 13.6 Session State How Does Session State Work? Session Storage and Configuration 13.7 HTML5 Web Storage Using Web Storage Why Would We Use Web Storage? 13.8 Caching Page Output Caching Application Data Caching 13.9 Chapter Summary Chapter 14 Web Application Design 14.1 Real-World Web Software Design Challenges in Designing Web Applications 14.2 Principle of Layering What Is a Layer? Consequences of Layering Common Layering Schemes 14.3 Software Design Patterns in the Web Context Adapter Pattern Simple Factory Pattern Template Method Pattern Dependency Injection

14 14.4 Data and Domain Patterns Table Data Gateway Pattern Domain Model Pattern Active Record Pattern 14.5 Presentation Patterns Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern Front Controller Pattern 14.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 15 Advanced JavaScript & jquery 15.1 JavaScript Pseudo-Classes Using Object Literals Emulate Classes through Functions Using Prototypes 15.2 jquery Foundations Including jquery in Your Page jquery Selectors jquery Attributes jquery Listeners Modifying the DOM 15.3 AJAX Making Asynchronous Requests Complete Control over AJAX Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) 15.4 Asynchronous File Transmission Old iframe Workarounds The FormData Interface Appending Files to a POST 15.5 Animation Animation Shortcuts Raw Animation 15.6 Backbone MVC Frameworks Getting Started with Backbone.js Backbone Models Collections Views 15.7 Chapter Summary

15 Chapter 16 Security 16.1 Security Principles Information Security Risk Assessment and Management Security Policy Business Continuity Secure by Design Social Engineering 16.2 Authentication Authentication Factors Single-Factor Authentication Multifactor Authentication Third-Party Authentication Authorization 16.3 Cryptography Substitution Ciphers Public Key Cryptography Digital Signatures 16.4 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) Secure Handshakes Certificates and Authorities 16.5 Security Best Practices Data Storage Monitor Your Systems Audit and Attack Thyself 16.6 Common Threat Vectors SQL Injection Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Insecure Direct Object Reference Denial of Service Security Misconfiguration 16.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 17 XML Processing and Web Services

16 17.1 XML Overview Well-Formed XML Valid XML XSLT XPath 17.2 XML Processing XML Processing in JavaScript XML Processing in PHP 17.3 JSON Using JSON in JavaScript Using JSON in PHP 17.4 Overview of Web Services SOAP Services REST Services An Example Web Service Identifying and Authenticating Service Requests 17.5 Consuming Web Services in PHP Consuming an XML Web Service Consuming a JSON Web Service 17.6 Creating Web Services Creating an XML Web Service Creating a JSON Web Service 17.7 Interacting Asynchronously with Web Services Consuming Your Own Service Using Google Maps 17.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 18 Content Management Systems 18.1 Managing Websites Components of a Managed Website 18.2 Content Management Systems Types of CMS 18.3 CMS Components Post and Page Management WYSIWYG Editors Template Management Menu Control User Management and Roles

17 User Roles Workflow and Version Control Asset Management Search Upgrades and Updates 18.4 WordPress Technical Overview Installation File Structure WordPress Nomenclature Taxonomies WordPress Template Hierarchy 18.5 Modifying Themes Changing Themes in Dashboard Creating a Child Theme (CSS Only) Changing Theme Files 18.6 Customizing WordPress Templates WordPress Loop Core WordPress Classes Template Tags Creating a Page Template Post Tags 18.7 Creating a Custom Post Type Organization Registering Your Post Type Adding Post-Specific Fields Saving Your Changes Under the Hood Displaying Our Post Type 18.8 Writing a Plugin Getting Started Hooks, Actions, and Filters Activate Your Plugin Output of the Plugin Make It a Widget 18.9 Chapter Summary Chapter 19 Web Server Administration 19.1 Web ServerHosting Options

18 Shared Hosting Dedicated Hosting Collocated Hosting Cloud Hosting 19.2 Domain and Name Server Administration Registering a Domain Name Updating the Name Servers DNS Record Types Reverse DNS 19.3 Linux and Apache Configuration Configuration Daemons Connection Management Data Compression Encryption and SSL Managing File Ownership and Permissions 19.4 Apache Request and Response Management Managing Multiple Domains on One Web Server Handling Directory Requests Responding to File Requests URL Redirection Managing Access with.htaccess Server Caching 19.5 Web Monitoring and Analytics Internal Monitoring External Monitoring Internal Analytics Third-Party Analytics Third-Party Support Tools 19.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 20 Search Engines 20.1 The History and Anatomy of Search Engines Before Google Search Engine Overview 20.2 Web Crawlers and Scrapers Robots Exclusion Standard Scrapers

19 20.3 Indexing and Reverse Indexing 20.4 PageRank and Result Order 20.5 White-Hat Search Engine Optimization Title Meta Tags URLs Site Design Sitemaps Anchor Text Images Content 20.6 Black-Hat SEO Content Spamming Link Spam Other Spam Techniques 20.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 21 Social Network Integration 21.1 Social Networks How Did We Get Here? Common Characteristics 21.2 Social Network Integration Basic Social Media Presence Facebooks Social Plugins Open Graph Googles Plugins Twitters Widgets Advanced Social Network Integration 21.3 Monetizing Your Site with Ads Web Advertising Web Advertising Economy 21.4 Marketing Campaigns Marketing Physical World Marketing 21.5 Working in Web Development Types of Web Development Companies Roles and Skills

20 21.6 Chapter Summary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Credits