c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 1 Fundamentals

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1 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 1 Fundamentals

2 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 2 OVERVIEW Welcome to the world of LabVIEW! This chapter gives you a basic explanation of LabVIEW and its capabilities and shows how it can make your life easier. GOALS Develop an idea of what LabVIEW really is Learn what graphical programming language and dataflow programming mean Peruse the introductory examples Get a feel for the LabVIEW environment KEY TERMS LabVIEW Virtual instrument (VI) Dataflow Graphical language Front panel Block diagram Icon Connector Toolbar Palette Hierarchy

3 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 3 What in the World Is LabVIEW? What Exactly Is LabVIEW, and What Can It Do for Me? You d probably like to know what exactly LabVIEW is before you go much further. What can you do with it and what can it do for you? LabVIEW, short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench, is a programming environment in which you create programs with graphics; in this regard it differs from traditional programming languages like C, C++, or Java, in which you program with text. However, LabVIEW is much more than a language. It is a program development and execution system designed for people, such as scientists and engineers, who need to program as part of their jobs. LabVIEW works on PCs running Windows, MacOS, Linux, Solaris, and HP-UX. Providing you with a very powerful graphical programming language, LabVIEW can increase your productivity by orders of magnitude. Programs that take weeks or months to write using conventional programming languages can be completed in hours using LabVIEW, because it is specifically designed to take measurements, analyze data, and present results to the user. And because LabVIEW has such a versatile graphical user interface and is so easy to program with, it is also ideal for simulations, presentation 3

4 c01.qxd p /31/01 2:54 PM Page 4 4 LabVIEW for Everyone of ideas, general programming, or even teaching basic programming concepts. LabVIEW offers more flexibility than standard laboratory instruments because it is software-based. You, not the instrument manufacturer, define instrument functionality. Your computer, plug-in hardware, and LabVIEW comprise a completely configurable virtual instrument to accomplish your tasks. Using LabVIEW, you can create exactly the type of virtual instrument you need, when you need it, at a fraction of the cost of traditional instruments. When your needs change, you can modify your virtual instrument in moments. Figure 1.1 The Space Industries Sheet Float Zone Furnace is used for high-temperature superconductor materials processing research in a microgravity environment aboard the NASA KC- 135 parabolic aircraft. LabVIEW controls the industrialized Macintosh-based system.

5 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 5 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 5 LabVIEW tries to make your life as hassle-free as possible. It has extensive libraries of functions and subroutines to help you with most programming tasks, without the fuss of pointers, memory allocation, and other arcane programming problems found in conventional programming languages. Lab- VIEW also contains application-specific libraries of code for data acquisition (DAQ), General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), and serial instrument control, data analysis, data presentation, data storage, and communication over the Internet. The Analysis library contains a multitude of useful functions, including signal generation, signal processing, filters, windows, statistics, regression, linear algebra, and array arithmetic. Because of LabVIEW s graphical nature, it is inherently a data presentation package. Output appears in any form you desire. Charts, graphs, and user-defined graphics comprise just a fraction of available output options. This book will show you how to present data in all of these forms. LabVIEW s programs are portable across platforms, so you can write a program on a Macintosh and then load and run it on a Windows machine without changing a thing in most applications. You will find LabVIEW applications improving operations in any number of industries, from every kind of engineering and process control to biology, farming, psychology, chemistry, physics, teaching, and many others Dataflow and the Graphical Programming Language The LabVIEW program development environment is different from commercial C or Java development systems in one important respect. Whereas other programming systems use text-based languages to create lines of code, LabVIEW uses a graphical programming language to create programs in a pictorial form called a block diagram, eliminating a lot of the syntactical details. With this method, you can concentrate on the flow of data within your application; the simpler syntax doesn t obscure what the program is doing. Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show a simple LabVIEW user interface and the code behind it. LabVIEW uses terminology, icons, and ideas familiar to scientists and engineers. It relies on graphical symbols rather than textual language to describe programming actions. The principle of dataflow, in which functions execute only after receiving the necessary data, governs execution in a straightforward manner. You can learn LabVIEW even if you have little or

6 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 6 6 LabVIEW for Everyone Figure 1.2 User interface. Figure 1.3 Graphical code. no programming experience, but you will find knowledge of programming fundamentals very helpful How Does LabVIEW Work? LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments (VIs) because their appearance and operation imitate actual instruments. However, behind the scenes they are analogous to main programs, functions, and subroutines from popular programming languages like C or Basic. Hereafter, we will refer to a LabVIEW program as a VI (pronounced vee eye, not the Roman numeral six as we ve heard some people say). Also, be aware that a LabVIEW program is always called a VI, whether its appearance or function relates to an actual instrument or not. A VI has three main parts: The front panel is the interactive user interface of a VI, so named because it simulates the front panel of a physical instrument. The front panel can contain knobs, push buttons, graphs, and many other controls (which are user inputs) and indicators (which are program outputs). A user will input data using a mouse and keyboard and then view the results produced by the program on the screen. The block diagram is the VI s source code, constructed in LabVIEW s graphical programming language, G. The block diagram is the actual executable program. The components of a block diagram are lowerlevel VIs, built-in functions, constants, and program execution control

7 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 7 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 7 Figure 1.4 structures. You draw wires to connect the appropriate objects together to indicate the flow of data between them. Front panel objects have corresponding terminals on the block diagram so that data can pass from the user to the program and back to the user. In order to use a VI as a subroutine in the block diagram of another VI, it must have an icon and a connector. A VI that is used within another VI is called a subvi and is analogous to a subroutine. The icon is a VI s pictorial representation and is used as an object in the block diagram of another VI. A VI s connector is the mechanism used to wire data into the VI from other block diagrams when the VI is used as a subvi. Much like parameters of a subroutine, the connector defines the inputs and outputs of the VI. Virtual instruments are hierarchical and modular. You can use them as toplevel programs or subprograms. With this architecture, LabVIEW promotes the concept of modular programming. First, you divide an application into a series of simple subtasks. Next, you build a VI to accomplish each subtask and then combine those VIs on a top-level block diagram to complete the larger task.

8 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 8 8 LabVIEW for Everyone Figure 1.5 Icon Connector Figure 1.6 Modular programming is a plus because you can execute each subvi by itself, which facilitates debugging. Furthermore, many low-level subvis often perform tasks common to several applications and can be used independently by each individual application. Just so you can keep things straight, we ve listed a few common LabVIEW terms with their conventional programming equivalents in Table Demonstration Examples Okay, you have enough reading for now. To get an idea of how LabVIEW works, you can open and run a few existing LabVIEW programs.

9 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 9 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 9 Table 1.1 LabVIEW Terms and Their Conventional Equivalents. LabVIEW VI function subvi front panel block diagram G or LabVIEW Conventional Language program function or method subroutine, subprogram, object user interface program code C, C++, Java, Pascal, BASIC, etc. Whether you are using the full or evaluation version of LabVIEW, just launch it. Make sure you can access the Everyone directory from the CD or your hard drive, as described in the Preface; it contains the activities for this book. After launching LabVIEW, a dialog box will appear. To open an example, select Open VI and choose the one you want. Throughout this book, use the left mouse button (if you have more than one) unless we specifically tell you to use the right one. On MacOS computers, <command>-click when right-mouse functionality is necessary. In most LabVIEW situations, the <control> key on Windows will correspond to <command> on Macs, <meta> on Suns, and <alt> on Linus and HP machines Activity 1-1: Temperature System Demo Open and run the VI called Temperature System Demo.vi by following these steps: 1. Launch LabVIEW if you haven t already. 2. Select Open from the File menu, or click the Open VI button if you have the LabVIEW start-up dialog box. 3. Next, open the Everyone directory or folder by double-clicking on it. Then select the libary CH1.LLB (Note: A library in LabVIEW, noted

10 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page LabVIEW for Everyone with the.llb extension, is a virtual directory of VI files. You can only see what s inside a library from LabVIEW to the operating system, it looks like a single file). Finally, open Temperature System Demo.vi. (If you have the full version of LabVIEW, you can also find this example under examples/apps/tempsys.llb). After a few moments, the Temperature System Demo front panel window appears, as shown in Figure 1.7. The front panel contains numeric controls, Boolean switches, slide controls, knob controls, charts, graphs, and a thermometer indicator. Figure 1.7 Temperature System Demo test front panel window. Run button Run button (active) Abort button 4. Run the VI by clicking on the Run button. The button changes appearance to indicate that the VI is running. The Toolbar, which is the row of icons on the top bar of the screen, also changes, since editing functionality won t be necessary while the VI is running. Notice also that the Abort button becomes active in the Toolbar. You can press it to abort program execution.

11 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 11 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 11 Temperature System Demo.vi simulates a temperature monitoring application. The VI makes temperature measurements and displays them in the thermometer indicator and on the chart. Although the readings are simulated in this example, you can easily modify the program to measure real values. The Update Period slide controls how fast the VI acquires the new temperature readings. LabVIEW also plots high and low temperature limits on the chart; you can change these limits using the Temperature Range knobs. If the current temperature reading is out of the set range, LEDs light up next to the thermometer. This VI continues to run until you click the Acquisition switch to off. You can also turn the data analysis on and off. The Statistics section shows you a running calculation of the mean and standard deviation, and the Histogram plots the frequency with which each temperature value occurs. Tweaking Values Operating tool Enter button 5. Use the cursor, which takes on the personality of the Operating tool while the VI is running, to change the values of the high and low limits. Highlight the old high or low value, either by clicking twice on the value you want to change, or by clicking and dragging across the value with the Operating tool. Then type in the new value and click on the enter button, located next to the run button on the Toolbar. 6. Change the Update Period slide control by placing the Operating tool on the slider, and then clicking and dragging it to a new location. You can also operate slide controls using the Operating tool by clicking on a point on the slide to snap the slider to that location, by clicking on a scroll button to move the slider slowly toward the arrow, or by clicking in the slide s digital display and entering a number. Even though the display changes, LabVIEW does not accept the new values in digital displays until you press the enter button, or click the mouse in an open area of the window.

12 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page LabVIEW for Everyone 7. Try adjusting the other controls in a similar manner. 8. Stop the VI by clicking on the Acquisition switch. Examine the Block Diagram The block diagram shown in Figure 1.8 represents a complete LabVIEW application. You don t need to understand all of these block diagram elements right now we ll deal with them later. Just get a feel for the nature of a block diagram. If you already do understand this diagram, you ll probably fly through the first part of this book! Figure Open the block diagram of Temperature System Demo.vi by choosing Show Diagram from the Windows menu. 10. Examine the different objects in the diagram window. Don t panic at the detail shown here! These structures are explained step by step later in this book. 11. Open the contextual Help window by choosing Show Context Help from the Help menu. Position the cursor over different objects in the block diagram and watch the Help window change to show descriptions of the objects. If the object is a function or subvi, the Help window will describe the inputs and outputs as well.

13 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 13 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 13 Hierarchy LabVIEW s power lies in the hierarchical nature of its VIs. After you create a VI, you can use it as a subvi in the block diagram of a higher-level VI, and you can have as many layers of hierarchy as you need. To demonstrate this versatile ability, look at a subvi of Temperature System Demo.vi. 12. Open the Temperature Status subvi by double-clicking on its icon. The front panel shown in Figure 1.9 springs to life. Figure 1.9 Icon and Connector The icon and connector provide the graphical representation and parameter definitions needed if you want to use a VI as a subroutine or function in the block diagrams of other VIs. They reside in the upper-right corner of the VI s front panel window. The icon graphically represents the VI in the block diagram of other VIs, while the connector terminals are where you must wire the inputs and outputs. These terminals are analogous to parameters of a subroutine or function. You need one terminal for each front panel control and indicator through which you want to pass data to the VI. The icon sits on top of the connector pattern until you choose to view the connector. Temperature Status Icon Connector Figure 1.10

14 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page LabVIEW for Everyone By using subvis, you can make your block diagrams modular and more manageable. This modularity makes VIs easy to maintain, understand, and debug. In addition, you can often create one subvi to accomplish a function required by many different VIs. Now run the top-level VI with both its window and the Temperature Status subvi window visible. Notice how the subvi values change as the main program calls it over and over. 13. Select Close from the File menu of the Temperature Status subvi. Do not save any changes. 14. Select Close from the File menu of Temperature System Demo.vi, and do not save any changes. Selecting Close from the File menu of a VI diagram closes the block diagram window only. Selecting Close on a front panel window closes both the panel and the diagram Activity 1-2: Frequency Response Example This example measures the frequency response of an unknown black box. A function generator supplies a sinusoidal input to the black box. (Hint: It contains a bandpass filter, which lets only certain signal components through it.) A digital multimeter measures the output voltage of the black box. Although this VI uses subvis to simulate a function generator and a digital multimeter, real instruments could easily be hooked up to a real black box to provide real-world data. You would then use subvis to control data acquisition, GPIB transfers, or serial port communication to bring in or send out real data instead of simulating it. You will open, run, and observe the VI in this activity. 1. Select Open from the File menu to open the VI, or click the Open VI button if you have the LabVIEW dialog box. 2. Select the EVERYONE directory and then CH1.LLB. Finally, doubleclick on Frequency Response.vi. (If you have the full version of Lab-

15 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 15 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 15 Figure 1.11 Run button VIEW, you can also find this example under examples/apps/ freqresp.llb.) The front panel shown in Figure 1.11 should appear. 3. Run the VI by clicking on the Run button. You can specify the amplitude of the input sine wave and the number of steps the VI uses to find the frequency response by changing the Amplitude control and the Number of Steps control, and then run the VI again. You can also specify the frequency sweep by inputting the upper and lower limits with the Low Frequency and High Frequency knobs. Play with these controls and observe the effect they have on the output of the black box. 4. Open and examine the block diagram by choosing Show Diagram from the Window menu. 5. Close the VI by selecting Close from the File menu. These exercises should give you a basic feel for LabVIEW s programming environment. With LabVIEW, you ll find writing powerful applications (and debugging them) to be a snap! Read on to learn how!

16 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page LabVIEW for Everyone 1.3 Wrap It Up! LabVIEW is a powerful and flexible instrumentation and analysis software system. It uses a graphical programming language, to create programs called virtual instruments, or VIs. The user interacts with the program through the front panel. Each front panel has an accompanying block diagram, which is the VI s source code. LabVIEW has many built-in functions to facilitate the programming process; components are wired together to show the flow of data within the block diagram. Stay tuned the next chapters will teach you how to effectively use LabVIEW s many features. You will find the solutions to every activity in the upcoming chapters in the EVERYONE directory on the CD that accompanies the book. We ll trust you not to cheat! 1.4 Additional Activities Activity 1-3: More Neat Examples In this activity, you will look at some example programs that ship with Lab- VIEW. Run button 1. From the Help menu, choose Examples. 2. This will bring up the LabVIEW Help system, opened at the Examples section. Clicking on a link to a specific example will bring up the specific VI in LabVIEW. 3. Run the example by clicking on the Run button. 4. After you run an example, choose Show Diagram from the Window menu to see what the program looks like. 5. Now look through and run other VIs in the examples to try to get an idea of the LabVIEW environment and what you can do with it. Although all of the examples are extremely educational, you should investigate a few particularly interesting directories: Demonstrations, Measurement Examples, and I/O Interfaces. Feel free to browse through any VIs that strike your fancy; you can learn a lot just by

17 c01.qxd p /18/01 11:03 AM Page 17 Chapter 1 What in the World Is LabVIEW? 17 watching how they work. Also feel free to modify and use these examples for your own applications (just be sure to save them to a different location so you don t overwrite the built-in examples). 6. When you re done, select Close from the File menu to close each VI. Do not save any changes you may have made.