INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS LABORATORY MANUAL Part I

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS LABORATORY MANUAL Part I Fall 2005 Edition by Glenn V. Lo Jesus Urrechaga-Altuna Ryan Picou Jamie Guillot Project e 2 -PALS (Electronically Enhanced Peer-assisted Asynchronous Learning of Science), Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA Major support for the development of this laboratory manual was provided by Louisiana Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative under contract number LA-DL-DEI-24-03/04.

2 TO THE STUDENT This printed manual provides only an outline of the procedures and principles. Details are provided in the accompanying videos on CD. You should study the videos before coming to the laboratory. The CD should autoplay when loaded into a computer running Windows 95 (or later version). If not, browse the CD using Windows Explorer and double-click on the index.htm file.

3 Experiments 1. Measurements 2. Graphing 3. Vectors 4. Acceleration due to Gravity 5. Moments of Force: Static Equilibrium 6. Work and Energy 7. Centripetal Force 8. Simple Harmonic Motion 9. Density of Liquid and Solids 10. Standing Waves 11. Linear Expansion 12. Specific Heat Appendix. Graphing with Excel

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70 APPENDIX Graphing with Excel This guide was developed by Glenn Lo, James Beck, and Michael Janusa as part of the project entitled Distance Delivery of Chemistry Laboratory Courses Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA Project funding provided by Louisiana Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative Contract number LA-DL-DEI-30-02/03

71 Graphing with Excel LESSON OBJECTIVES. Students will be able to Use Excel to create XY graphs that effectively and aesthetically convey the relationship between experimental quantities Calculate slope and intercept of the trend lines for any part of the data Draw linear trend lines based on any part of the data G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to create an (x,y)-type plot Enter x and y values in adjacent columns Highlight x and y values Click on Insert, Chart, Standard Types, XY (Scatter) Select first chart subtype (points only, no connecting lines) Click on Finish G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to resize the chart Click on the chart area so that eight sizing handles (little black squares appear on the edges.) Hold mouse pointer over these handles and a double-headed arrow appears. When it does, you can hold down the left mouse button and drag it to resize the chart. Release mouse button when you re done. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 1

72 How to add/change titles Click on the chart. The menu bar should now show Chart. On the menu bar, click on Chart, then click on Chart Options Click on the Titles tab. Enter the title for the axes in the appropriate boxes. Do not enter a title for chart; copy it to Word and use a figure caption to describe it. Click OK. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to format the axes Double click on the axis you want to format Hold mouse pointer over axis until Value (X) axis or Value (Y) axis appears in a yellow box. Then, double click. When window with the current settings will pops up. Click on the Patterns tab to specify how you want your axes and tick marks to be drawn. Click on the Scale tab to specify the range of values for your axes, how far apart the major and minor tick marks should be, and where the axis crosses the other axis. Click on the Font tab to specify the font to use for your labels. Click on the Number tab to specify how the numbers on your axis are displayed. Click on the Alignment tab if you want to rotate the labels on the tick marks. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to format the border and background for the plot area Double click on plot area Hold mouse over plot area until you see Plot Area in a yellow box. Then, double click. Click on the Patterns tab to modify the border and background information Select None for Area in order to have a white background, if you want to save on printer ink. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 2

73 How to format the way your data is displayed Click on one of the points and the Format Data Series window should pop up. Click on the Pattern tab to specify the shape of the markers for the points and whether or not Excel should connect the dots. Generally, you want to set Line to None (you don t want Excel to connect the dots. ) G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to set grid lines Click on the chart. On the menu bar, click on Chart, Chart Options, and then the Gridlines tab. Specify whether you want a gridline for each major tick mark. Specify whether you want a gridline for each minor tick mark. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to change placement of legend Click on the chart. On the menu bar, click on Chart, Chart Options, and then the Legend tab. Select position for legend. Uncheck Show Legend if you do not want it displayed. If you only have one set of (x,y) values, you should not have a legend G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 3

74 How to change text in legend Click on the chart. On the menu bar, click on Chart, Source Data. The Source Data window will pop up. Click on Series tab. Select on the name of the series Series = set of (x,y) values Enter or edit the name for the series G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to add another set of (x,y) values to your graph Click on the chart. On the menu bar, click on Chart, Source Data. The Source Data window will pop up. Click on the Series tab, then Add. Click on the icon with the red arrow in the blank for Y values. The Source Data Values window will pop up Highlight the second set of y values. Click on the icon with the red arrow in the Source Data-Values window to bring the Source Data window back up. Click on the icon with the red arrow in the blank for X values. Highlight the second set of X values. Click on the icon with the red arrow in the Source Data- X Values window to bring the Source Data window back up. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 Formatting numbers Highlight the cell(s) you want to format. On the menu bar, click Format, Cells. The Format Cells window will pop up. To specify the number of decimal places to be displayed, click on the Number tab, click on Number or Scientific, specify the number of decimal places, then click OK. Click on other tabs (Alignment, Font, Border, or Pattern) to change how the numbers are displayed. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 4

75 How to add the best fit line Click on one of the points. On the menu bar, click on Chart, Add Trendline Click on the Type tab. Select Linear type. Click OK. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 Formatting the best fit line Double click on the trend line. The Format Trendline window will pop up. Click on the Patterns to set Style, Color, and Weight for the line Click on Options to do extrapolations: in Forecast box, specify how far forward (along the x axis) or back you want to draw the line G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to show the trendline equation Double click on the trend line. The Format Trendline window will pop up. Click on the Options tab. Check the box next to Display Equation on Chart, then Click OK. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 5

76 Formatting the trendline equation Use the mouse to drag the equation to where you want it displayed Double-click on the equation to specify how values of slope and intercept are displayed (font, number format, alignment, background) G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 How to show a linear trend line based on just a part of the data First plot just the part of the data you re interested in Draw a trend line and extrapolate if you wish Add the entire set of data as a second set of (x,y) values. G. Lo, M. Janusa, J. Beck, Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, 2003 Funds provided by La. Board of Regents Distance Education Initiative, Contract# LA-DL-DEI-02/03 6