CHAPTER V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE. The period between the end of the Indus Civilization (1500 BCE) and the beginning

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1 CHAPTER V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE The period between the end of the Indus Civilization (1500 BCE) and the beginning of the historical period ( 600 BCE) used to be regarded as the Dark Ages of India s past from archaeological view point. This veil of darkness was, however, lifted in 1947 with the discovery of Painted Grey Ware culture which was first reported from Ahhichatra its lowest level and its upper limits determined it as pre-nbpw culture. It was Hastinapur where from its complete coloronological position was ascartained. In the area under present study hundreds of P.G.W. siteswere explored and later excavated. In following going pages a breaf description of excavated sites is given. Excavated sites A number of Painted Grey Ware sites in the region were subjected to scientific excavations which provided us large quantum of data for the study of various aspects of this culture. On the basis of these evidences, both micro and macro level studies pertaining to the political, social, economic aspects of this culture along with the man-land relations can be studied in details. The sites are discussed alphabetically. Since the excavations were conducted long ago when geocoordinates were rarely recorded and hence, the researcher revisited most of the sites and has recorded the location properly. 198

2 Abhaipur Village Abhaipur falls in the Bisalpur tehsil of Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh. The site is further 11.5 km. west of the village and to the west of river Deoha. The site yielded the remains of Ochre Colour Pottery culture of land NBPW culture is locally known as Nakatikhera. The site is now disturbed and only about one hectare is left which is partially intact. The site was subjected to the excavations from to (Mishra and Arora 2006:76-92). The earliest remains (Period-I) at the site are of OCP culture which are comparable with the earliest remains of Hastinapur. Period-II has predominantly Black and Red Ware remains along with associated wares. Painted Grey Ware culture was the main culture at the site which made its presence in Period-III. The people in this period lived in wattle and daub houses and later on made mud-wall houses with mud plastered floors. The presence of a large number of pits in this phase is conspicuous. A bones tool making workshop was found where in both finished and unfinished bone tools and beads along with equipments were found. The excavators are of the view that mainly hunting, gathering, fishing contributed to the economy, while iron and copper metallurgy, pottery making and trade played subsidiary role. Beads of agate, carnelian, jasper, crystal, led us to assume the existence of long distance trade. Normal P.G.W. shapes with paintings are common. On some sherds stamped decoration was also noticed. A low bund or dump like structure alongwith moat is noteworthy another P.G.W. site, which had moat, is Hatt in Jind District of Haryana (Kumar 2010: ). Post holes and circular wattle and daub structure give us an idea about their houses. 199

3 Numerous floors and a few underground storage pits are important structure. Similar evidences have also been reported from Hatt (Kumar 2010: ). Circular and oval furnaces with iron objects, slag, bin shaped ingots and a chunk of magnetite ore points to the local manufacturing facilities. Copper metallurgy and gold smelting were well developed. Bone objects making industry was quite proliferated one along with ivory working. Terracotta human, animal, birds figurines and other objects arecommonly found in the PGW levels. The last period at the site, is represented by the presence of NBPW. The site was finally destroyed by massive floods. Ahichchhatra The site Ahichchhatra is located in the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. It is first reported site which yielded Painted Grey Ware. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India from (Ghosh and Panigrahi 1946:37-59). The lowest level here has yielded the sherds of Painted Grey Ware. This period was then dated to pre 300 BCE. The site was again taken up for exacavtions in under the direction of N.R. Banerjee and four fold cultural sequence was encountered (IAR :43-44; IAR :39-40 ). Like Hastinapur and Abhaipur, the earliest remains here belong to OCP culture which has about 50 cm deposits. Period-II has a deposit of about one metre and belongs to Painted Grey Ware culture. People in this period lived in huts and mud-brick houses. A broken brunt brick is also reported in this phase. The Painted Gery Ware is accompanied here by plain red ware of coarse fabric. Some of the PGW were found over-heated resulting in brownish red colour which the excavator 200

4 included in a separate category. Different shapes and forms of PGW were found in this category also. Polished frinding objects fixed in a mosaic pattern are the interesting finds of this period. Terracotta animal figurines, spindle whorls, beads etc are other important finds. Copper and iron objects points to the metallurgical technology of the people who were mostly agro-pastoral. Period III at the site is represented by NBPW culture, while the Period-IV belongs to the Kushana period. Alamgirpur Village Alamgirpur is located at a distance of 25 km. west of Meerut. The archaeological site is located close to the village towards south. This site is located about km. east of river Hindon and is locally known as Kaltumpur Uphlina. This site was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of Y.D. Sharma in 1958 (IAR :50-55). The site was recently excavated by R.N. Singh in The earliest period at the site is represented by the Harappan culture, Period-II belongs to Late Harappan-PGW over lap phase, while Period-III is represented by PGW culture which has about 4.5 feet habitational deposit. Iron and copper is found in all the layers of the period. Terracotta animal figurines, toy cart wheels and frames, bone points, spearheads, etc. are other antiquities of this period which also has beads of Jasper and glass. Mud reed houses were made in this period which had thatched roofs. A pottery kiln was also encountered in the latest 201

5 excavations. Period-IV belongs to early historic period and the last period represented here belongs to the late medieval period. Ambakheri Situated in the Saharanpur district (UP) on the bank of Saluni a tributary of Ganga, N. N. Deshpande (1965:129) excavated the site and he reported that the earliest period represented here has red ware and PGW as the main ceramics. Atranjikhera This site is situated on the right bank of Kali river in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh and. It excavated by R.C. Gaur (IAR :34-36; IAR :45-49; IAR : 44, IAR : 37-38). This is the most important PGW site in India. Period-I here is represented by OCP culture followed by BRW culture. After that flood deposit was encountered and next period-ii belongs to PGW whose deposit is upto 2.20 m. Earlier the excavator had divided the deposist into two phases but in the final report (Gaur 1983) two sub phases of true PGW and one phase of Late PGW were added. Some sherds of PGW show fabric impression. A good number of iron objects like shaft, axes, clamps, hooks, borers, chisels, knives, needles, bangles and a pir of domestic tongs were found in this period. Use of copper is found in the form of toiletries, ornaments and fish-hook etc. Houses were made of mud and reed, post holes indicates the presence of huts, whose floosr were made of yellowish rammed earth. Terracotta beads, toys, discs, along with hand made human figurines were found. Remains of a mud bund were also encountered. Unfortunately this could not stop flood from washing way the final deposites of this period. Agriculture, cattle rearing, fishing and hunting were the bases of economy here. 202

6 In the final layers of PGW period, NBPW sherds started making appearances which culminated in the full fledged, Period IV. Batesvara J.S. Nigam of the Archaeology Survey of India excavated this site in 1974 (IAR : 42-43). The earliest period here is represented by the PGW and associated red ware followed by NBP ware period and historical period. Dadupur Village Dadupur is situated about 10 km. west of Bauthara and is about 23 km. south west of Lucknow. The site is further east of the village across Nagwa nullah. U.P. State Archaeology Department, under the direction of Rakesh Tiwari excavated the site. Period-I was marked by the preseance of Red ware, BSW and Black and Red ware. Period-II belongs to the PGW culture and the average deposit is 35 cm. Normal shapes of PGW with painted motifs is the hall mark of this period which has other associated wares like Grey Ware, Black and Red Ware, Black Slipped Ware and associated Red Ware (Tiwari et al :99-116). Three successive floor levels were encountered, which were made of mud rammed, mixed with pot sherds. Brunt clay lumps with reed impression indicate that wattle and daub houses were made. Bone artifacts, terraccota hopscotches, bead along with iron objects were found. A bone tool making workshop was also found at the site from where finished and unfinished produced were found. 203

7 Period-III is marked by the presence of NBP ware and associcated wares, a few sherds of PGW continued in this period. Hastinapur This famous site is located about 96 km.north-east of Delhi in Mawana Tehsil of Meerut district. This is a signature site of PGW culture which was excavated by B.B. Lal (1955). Here five occupational deposits were excavated with a definite gap between each. Period-I: In the lowest level Ochre Coloured Pottery was found during the excavations. There was a gap between periods I & II. The PGW is the main ware of the period-ii which is of fine fabric and most of the pots were wheel made, though hand made specimens were also encountered. Common shapes are bowls and dishes, painted with black, chocolate and reddish brown pigment. Mud wall or mud brick houses were made. Use of copper and iron was attested by the presence of various objects. Chert and jasper was also used for making beads. Terracotta objects in the form of animal figurines, discs, stamps, pendent, beads; glass objects mainly beads; bone objects like styli, beads, points etc. were main antiquities of this period (Lal 1955). A huge flood destroyed the settlement of PGW and inthe next period, people using NBPW inhabited this site. There is hitus between this period and next period which belonged to 3 rd centaury AD. 204

8 Hulas: This ancient site falls in the Kakur Tehsill of Sharanpur district and is about 8km. west of Manauta. The site measures about 5.1 hectare and is about 5 m. high from the surrounded field level. The Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of Sh. K.N. Dikshit undertook excavations at the site. Which have revealed five fold cultural sequences. The earliest period here is represented by the typical Late Harappan wares. The PGW people of period-ii did not settle on the Harappan deposits but settled on the virgin soil to the north and east of Harappan settlement (IAR :60-61, IAR :82; IAR :75-76; IAR : 73-74). Typical PGW shapes and painted designs were found represented on the pot sherds. The structural activities of the people were attested by the discovery of successive mud floors with post holes. These huts had thatched roofs,bone stylus, point, copper antimony rods, iron slag, terracotta ghata shaped beads, spindle wholes, discs, bangles, etc. Stone objects were also found. Important finds include iron spear head and a tall bone pin having circular drum like ends decorated with incised design. Period-III is represented by NBPW and associated wares, while Sunga- Kushana remains are found in Period-IV. Gupta to early Medieval remains were found in Period-V. 205

9 Jakhera: This site is located in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh on the left bank of Kali nadi at a distance of 8 km. north-west of Kasganj tehsil headquarter. This site is spread over an area of about 25 hectare and was excavated by MDN Sahi of Aligarh Muslim University in Four fold cultural site was unearthed here. Period-I is distinguished by occurrence of the Ochre Coloured Pottery pieces (Sahi 1994). Black and Red Ware having the deposit of 30 to 50 cm. thickness is found in Period-II along with associated red ware. Next period IIIA is named as proto PGW. In this period BRW, BSW and Red slipeed ware having painted designs were introduced (Sahi 1994, Pl II-V). The slipped red ware s colour ranges from deep brown thorough red to orange. This pottery was labelled as Proto PGW. Similarity of pottery was also reported from Ahichachhatra of Period-II. The colour of this pottery is due to careless firing as a result of which sherds intend to be of grey colour were reduced red due to reducing heat technique. To call it Proto PGW is just a wild imagination. Period-IIIB is laballed as mature PGW and has deposits varying from 50 cm to 2 m. This period is characterised by the continuation of BRW, BSW and red ware along with PGW and grey ware. Normal PGW paintings are found on the sherd and, some sherds were found decorated with stamped design. Kampil Situated in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. the site was identified by Cunningham with ancient Kampilya capital of South Panchal (CASIR No. 1: 255). 206

10 In 1976, excavations were conducted here which revealed it to be a single culture site yielding 1.30 to 2 m deposits of PGW and associated red ware. Mud embedment was also noticed here. Other antiquities are terracotta balls, beads, copper pins, balls were also found (Tripathi 2013: 77). Kaseri About 2 km. north of Mohannagar in Ghaziabad district, this site is located on the right bank of Hindon. The excavations conducted, here, revealed five fold cultural deposits. This period - I OCP is followed, by PGW usersafter a gap. Other associated wares were also encountered. Period III is not much different from period II exept that main pottery now is plain grey ware. Next period belongs to the early centuries of Christian era. and period V belongs to Gupta and post Gupta period (IAR : 92, : 43). Katingara The excavations conducted here revealed three fold cultural sequence. Period I ( B.C) yielded PGW and associated red ware. Both Iron and Copper were used throughout this period as well as other typical PGW antiquities were found here. Period II yielded NBPW along with a few sherds of PGW. Period III belongs to 200 BCE to 600 CE. 207

11 Khalaua Village Khalaua is located 16 km. from Agra on Agra-Jagner road. The village has an ancient site which is known as Gwal Khera m. deposit here belongs to a single culture which is PGW. A mud brick platform is the only evidence of structural activity. Painted designs included a new type of motif like criss-cross and leaf filled with parallel hatching. Other antiquities include copper bangles, bone arrow heads, ivory discs, beads; beads of terracotta and carnelian. Madanpura This site is situated about 6 km. of Pawayan tehsil of Saharanpur. The extensive mound was excavated by D.P. Tewari and D.K. Srivastav in The mound is reported to be of sq. m. in size (Tewari and Srivastav 2005:). This single culture site with deposit of 1.70 m. was taken up for excavation in The pottery mainly is PGW and its associated ware includes so called Orange Red Ware which is akin to jakhera pottery. The only metal object was found here was a piece of iron blade. The inhabitant of the site grew barley, wheat, rice, millet pulses, oil seeds and reared cattle. Hunting and fishing also contributed in the economy. Mathura The ancient mounds at Mathura were subjected to excavations in number of seasons starting from and again from The excavation at Ambarish Tila during yielded a few PGW sherds in the small area of the huge mound in 208

12 the northern side. Phase 1A has a few sherds of PGW but bulk of pottery is BSW, GW, B&RW and Red Ware. Out of painted designs, special mention may be made about a ladder design. Normal PGW antiquities were found here. Phase - I started making its presence with NBPW while period II purely have NBPW. Period-III belongs to the period followed by Kushan period (IAR :15-16, Joshi & Aggarwal 1994:89-93). Musanagar Located in Kanpur Dehat in Bhoginipur tehsil the site was excavated from and (Tewari et. al, 95-96:67-73). The excavation here was conducted here under the direction of Rakesh Tewari. Five fold cultural sequences were encountered during the excavations. Period-I is dominated by hand made and wheel made red ware wheel thrown BSW and BRW. Period II with 30 cm. thick deposit was characterized by the occurrence of PGW sherds along with BSW, GW, B & R ware and red ware. Through the PGW sherds had black paintings but one sherd has horizontal stroke in white pigment. PGW shapes and designs are normal. Terracotta and bone objects form cultural reportair of the period. Period III is marked by NBPW, though sherds and PGW continued in this period also (Tewari , 67-73). Period III has NBPW with grey ware, B & R ware and red ware. Period IV is characterized by the historical period red ware, while period V belongs to still later period. 209

13 Sachankot Village Sachankot is situated on the right bank of river Sai. This ancient site falls in the revenue jurisdiction of Rankot village of Safipur tehsil of Unnao district. Cunningham reported this site and the excavations were conducted here by Tiwari ( : ). Consequently three fold cultural sequence was unearthed. The earliest period is characterized by the PGW deposits of 1.50 m. thickness. The PGW sherds has black and brown paintings. Associated red ware and grey ware, B & R ware, BSW etc. are also included in the pottery assemblage. The antiquities include terracotta beads, discs along with copper objects and iron slags. Period II is dominated by NBPW while period III has rich deposits of Sunga- Kushana period. Sankisa The present village Sankisa is located on a high mound measuring 400x300 m. in size with 12 m. height. The site falls in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. The excavations conducted here under the direction of B.R. Mani in and a four fold cultural sequence was encountered here. The layers of period-i have yielded PGW and associated ceramics (IAR , 89-97). Red ware is both hand made and wheel made various having coarse to fine fabric. Clay lumps with reed marks give us an idea about their houses. Normal PGW, shapes and painted designs are found here along with some coarse B & R ware sherds. A large number of terracotta discs with a variety of decorations 210

14 and other antiquities were found in this period along with a few semi precious stone beads and two bone objects. Period II represented the NBPW period. Normal NBP ware along with grey ware, BSW and associated red ware were also found. Period III yielded remains of Sunga period, while Kushan remains dominate the next period. Saunphari This village is located at a distance of 1.5 km. from Khutar market in Pawayan tehsil of Sahajahanpur district of U.P. The site measuring 530x430 m was taken up for excavations by Rakesh Tewari in and four fold cultural material was found here. Period IA has grey ware, Orange Slipped Ware and PGW as main ceramics. Houses in this phase have wattle-and-daub structures with dung plastered floors and U shaped hearths. Terracotta beads, bangle pieces, toy cart frames decorated discs are the other antiquities of the period. Noteworthy are the terracotta bird figurines, hubbed wheels and cakes. Period IB is characterized by NBPW along with PGW, BSW, B& R ware. Plain grey ware Period II belongs to Kushana (Tewari 2004). Sonkh Located in the Mathura district of U.P, the site was excavated by Hartel (1993). It measures 320x280 m. and had m. thick deposit. The earliest period here belongs to the PGW period followed by Mauryan, Sunga and Kushana deposits. 211

15 The lowest deposit here belongs to the PGW using people who lived in thatched huts resting on post holes. A noteworthy fortune here is the parallel running ditches between a small rampart in between. Other ware of the period include BRW, Red Ware and Grey Ware, Iron objects, terracotta figurines, discs, balls, bangles et. Beads of carnelian, agate and copper are the other antiquities found in this phase. Map 5.1: showing PGW sites in study area 212

16 Table 5.1: List of Painted Grey Ware sites in the Study Area S.No Site name Lat Long Cul. Sequence Reference 1 Abhipur PGW Arora et al 2002: Acheja PGW IAR :75 3 Adinga PGW, OCP, BSW, RW IAR :99 4 Ahichchhaatra OCP, PGW, NBPW, RW IAR : Ahir PGW IAR : 48 6 Ahirwa Rajarmpur PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004: Ahmadgarh PGW IAR :37 8 Ainti PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW Lal 1984: Akabarpur thaska PGW, GW, RW Tripathi 2012, Akhbai PGW IAR :75 11 Alamgirpur HARAPPAN, PGW, KUSHAN IAR : Alampur PGW Tripathi Aliapur PGW, GW, BSW Tewari 2004: Alinagar PGW Tripathi Allahpur PGW IAR : Ambakheri PGW Deshpande 1965: Anawa PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW Tewari 2004: Ankin PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Antapur PGW, NBPW,POST NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Aong PGW Tripathi Aronj PGW IAR :58 22 Arsara PGW IAR :58 23 Asai PGW, NBPW,RW IAR : IAR : 24 Asawala PGW

17 25 Asawar PGW IAR :75 26 Atasar PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW Tewari 2004: Atranjikhera OCP, BRW, PGW, NBPW, RW IAR : Atrara PGW, BSW and other associated ware IAR :33 29 Atwa PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Aun PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 Makhan Lal 31 Auran Tahirpur PGW 1984:61-80 Makhan Lal 32 Bachna PGW, NBPW 1984:61-80 PGW and other 33 Badla associated ware IAR : Ancient India 10-11: Baghpat PGW 35 Baijnathpura PGW Tripathi Bajhera PGW IAR :31 37 Bakanda-Khera PGW IAR :76 38 Bakarka PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, Sunga- Kushan and mushlim ware IAR :76 39 Balai-kot Baleni PGW IAR :75 41 Bamnauli PGW Tripathi Bamnikhera PGW IAR :71 43 Banthra PGW IAR : Barauli PGW Tripathi Barauna Khurd PGW IAR :76 46 Barnawa PGW Ancient India 10-11: Barner Sharif PGW, BR, BS, R, M IAR :33 48 Barnoli-ki-Dai PGW, BRW, BSW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 IAR : Batesvara PGW, NBPW 50 Bautha PGW, GW, Tewari

18 BSW, 2004: Behman PGW Tripathi Behsi PGW IAR :58 53 Belhar Jungle PGW Tripathi Beman PGW IAR :75 Bhadarban Chakrbarti et 55 /Ramnagla BRW, PGW al.,2004: Bhagner PGW IAR :58 57 Bhanwant PGW IAR :57 58 Bharatpur BRW, PGW IAR :31 59 Bhatasa PGW, GW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004: Bhatpura PGW IAR :43 61 Bhishmpur PGW, RW- Medieval, Glazed ware Tewari 2004: Bhoganipur PGW, BRW, NBPW IAR :93 63 Bhogpur PGW Tripathi Bhura PGW IAR :70 65 Bidhuna PGW, NBPW IAR :22 PGW, GW, Tewari 66 Biharipur ORSW, RW 2004: PGW, GW, Tewari 67 Bilai BSW, RW, BW 2004: PGW, GW, BSW, BRW, Tewari 68 Bilaspur ORSW 2004: Binawar PGW, BSW, GW IAR :21 70 Birupur PGW IAR :34 PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW Tewari 71 Bishungarh : Acient India 72 Bisrakh PGW : Budgara PGW IAR :95 74 Budhakhera PGW IAR :44 75 Budher PGW IAR :43 76 Bujhera-Hujhera PGW, GW,NBPW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:

19 77 Buland khera LATE HARAPPAN, PGW R.N.SINGH etal.,2008:71-87 RW,Kushan 78 Burrn Phaphund PGW IAR :76 79 Chakarnagar PGW, NBPW, RW IAR : Chak-Patna PGW Tripathi Chandidiha Corded Ware, BRW, PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW Tewari & Srivastava 1994: Chandpur PGW IAR :37 83 Chandpura PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004: Chauriari BRW, PGW, BSW Chakrbari et al.,2004: Chhata PGW IAR :71 86 Chouradeo PGW IAR :48 87 Churyali PGW, Kushan IAR : Chutmalpur PGW Tripathi Club Ghar Tila PGW, NBPW, EH IAR :22 90 Dabathua PGW IAR :43 91 Dabka PGW IAR :36 92 Dadupur PGW IAR : Dalelganj PGW, NBPW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Dalippur PGW, NBPW IAR :80 95 Dariyapur PGW IAR :39 96 Dauki PGW, BSW, GW, Later Historical IAR :

20 97 Daultabad PGW IAR :69 98 Dayal PGW, Black Polished Ware, Grey Ware, BSW, RW IAR :71 99 Debipur PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Deoha PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Dhai PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Dhanawali PGW IAR : Dhaurau PGW IAR : Dholapara PGW IAR : Dhulia PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Durganpur PGW IAR : Eka PGW IAR :58 Fathpurnarain PGW, BRW, 108 Ferozpur GW,RW IAR : Firozabad PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, Tewari 110 Firozpur(Amari Ghat) ORSW 2004: PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari 2004:5-111 Gadai-Ghat RW Galatha BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Gandharpur PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW Teawri 2004: Ganwaria PGW IAR : Geherra-Khurdrra PGW IAR : Ghalibpur PGW IAR : Ghatampur PGW, BRW, NBPW, Sunga- Kushan RW IAR : Ghat-am-wala PGW Tripathi Ghiana PGW, Sunga- Kushan IAR : Ginoli PGW IAR : Golanath PGW Tripathi Goni-Umargarh PGW Tripathi Gosna BRW, PGW, Chakrbatri et 217

21 124 Govardhan PGW 218 Later Historical Ware al.,2004:57-69 Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Gulariya OCP, PGW, EH, M IAR : Gunj PGW IAR : Gutaiya Ghat PGW, GW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004: Gwaidam PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR : Halwana-Ahatmal PGW IAR : Harbhanpur PGW, BSW, ORSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Harya 131 Khera(Durjanpur) PGW IAR : Hastinapur PGW Ancient India Hathras Fort PGW, BSW, BRW, RW,Medieval Ware IAR : Hazipur PGW IAR : Hulas PGW IAR : Hulaskhera PGW, BSW, NBPW, RW IAR : Humanyupur PGW, OCP IAR : Iddu PGW, OCP IAR : Ijaur PGW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Inayatpur PGW IAR : Indayan BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Isai-Khas PGW IAR : Isapur PGW Tripathi Isopur Late HARAPPAN, PGW, Historical IAR : Itoura PGW IAR : Jagos PGW, Kushan Sharma 2008: Jahangirabad PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

22 148 Jaigara PGW, RW IAR : Jajmau BRW, PGW, NBPW IAR : Jakhera OCP, PGW Sahi Jalalabad GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW V.D. Misra 1977: Jalesar Fort PGW, R, M IAR : Jangara PGW, RW Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Jarauthi PGW IAR : Jaswantpur PGW, GW IAR : Jat PGW IAR : Jaunra GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW IAR IAR : Jehra PGW IAR : Jhinjhana PGW IAR : Jodhakan PGW IAR : Jorasi PGW, NBPW, Sunga-Kushan, EM IAR : Junsuty PGW, BRW, NBPW Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Kaila Kunehra PGW IAR : Kailakhedi PGW Tripathi Kailapur HARAPPAN, PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR : Kairana PGW IAR : Kaitbora PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR : Kaithora PGW IAR : Kaithwada PGW and other associated ware IAR : Kakor PGW Bharti 31: Kalai PGW IAR : Kalina PGW IAR : Kamasia PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Kampil PGW IAR : Kannauj PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR : Kansi PGW and other IAR :78 219

23 associated ware 177 Karankhera PGW, NBPW Man & Environment VIII-1984: Karchalipur PGW, NBPW Man & Environment VIII-1984: Karhra PGW IAR : Kaseri OCP, PGW, NBPW IAR : Kashipur-A PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Katauli PGW IAR : Katingara PGW IAR : Katka PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Katmata PGW, GW, BSW, BRW Tewari 2004: Katrana PGW IAR : Kaurara-Buzurg PGW Tripathi Kausambi PGW Sharma Kenduli PGW Tripathi Khaga PGW Tripathi Khairabad PGW Tripathi Khajuri PGW IAR : Khajuri PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Khal(Barle-ke-Qila) PGW IAR : Khalana PGW Tripathi Khalaua BRW, PGW IAR : Khariad PGW IAR : Kheera PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR : Khera-Bajhera PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001: Sheragarh BRW, PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001: Gvarkhera PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001: Pandey 202 Hushain kabra PGW, GW 2001:

24 203 Nighohi PGW, NBPW, GW Pandey 2001: Talgaon PGW, RW Pandey 2001: Shahbaj Nagar BRW, PGW,GW. RW Pandey 2001: Kutubapur PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001: Gandharpur PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001: Fatehganj Pashchimi PGW Sharma 2001: Avala PGW, BRW, NBPW, RW Sharma 2001: Kherabajera PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004: Kherakursi PGW, NBPW Main & Environment VIII 1984: Khera-The koil PGW Tripathi Khindwari PGW IAR : Khirka Zunnardar PGW IAR : Kisroam PGW IAR : Kodar PGW IAR : Kolki-Kalalan PGW IAR : Komri PGW IAR :31 BRW, PGW, OCP, GW, Kushan Chakrbarti et 219 Kot Khera al.,2004:57-69 Man & Environment BRW, PGW, VIII-1984: Kheora NBPW Kurali PGW IAR :48 Sharma 222 Kurdi PGW 2008: Kuri PGW IAR : Kurwar PGW IAR :85 PGW, BPW, GW, BSW, RW IAR : Kushmri Kushyami PGW IAR : Lakhmapur PGW Tripathi Lakshmanpur Tila PGW Tripathi

25 229 Lakshnai PGW IAR : Lallan Miyan ka Roja PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR : Latifpur PGW Tripathi Lriya Patti PGW, BSW Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Madanpur PGW, NBPW IAR : Madanapur PGW, GW, BSW, RW, ORSW Tewari & Srivastava Maheshpur PGW Tripathi Maho PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware IAR : Mahuar PGW IAR : Mahuwar PGW IAR : Mamen PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW IAR : Manakpur PGW Tripathi Mandai PGW IAR : Mandla PGW IAR : Mathana PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004: Mathura PGW, NBPW, Kushan, Gupta IAR : Mavana PGW IAR : Mawar PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Mehrabad PGW IAR : Milanpur PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Mirgapur PGW Tripathi Mirpur PGW, BRW, BSW, PGW Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Mohammadabad PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware IAR : Mopalpur PGW IAR : Morthal OCP, PGW, BR, BS, BS, R, M IAR : Muhammadpur PGW, GW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004: Muhammadpur PGW Tripathi

26 Dhumni 256 Mulla-jikpka PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW BRW, PGW, NBPW, Post- Tewari 2004: Musanagar NBPW IAR :47 PGW, GW, Tewari 2004:5-258 Nadasa BSW, RW, Nagaria PGW IAR :76 Tewari 2004:5-260 Nagarpal PGW, GW, RW 21 PGW, BPW, 261 Nagla Khera GW, BSW, RW IAR :71 PGW, NBPW, 262 Nagla Dayal BSW, Kushan IAR : Nagla Hareru PGW IAR :40 Nagla Firoz Mohanpur PGW IAR : Nagla Havelia PGW IAR : Nagla khas gloua PGW IAR : Nangla khera PGW, RW IAR : Nakipur-Bamnauli PGW IAR : Nalhera Ananrpur PGW IAR :92 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval Tewari 2004: Naraura Narpat Singh-Ki- 271 Garhi PGW IAR : Naval-Khera PGW, BS, R, M IAR :33 BRW, PGW< Makhan Lal 273 Nawabgani NBPW 1984: Nethla PGW IAR :40 GW,PGW, BRW, V.D. Misra 275 Nigohi BSW, RW 1977: PGW, BPW, 276 Niroli GW, BSW, RW IAR : Niyamu PGW IAR : Noh PGW IAR : Nokhera PGW Tripathi Nonha Naringh BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Noorpur , PGW, BRW, BSW, RW V.D. Misra 1977:

27 282 Nurnagar PGW, NBPW IAR : Nurpur Tarsaura PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004: Ogar OCP, BRW, PGW Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Old Aligarh Bazar PGW, Kushan Chakrbarti et al.,2004: Ozham PGW Tripathi 1976 Padariya PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari 287 Jammunabad RW 2004: PGW, GW, 288 Pagar BSW, RW, BRW, RW Tewari 2004: Paigu PGW IAR : Paj Bangar PGW Tripathi 1976 Chakabarti et 291 Palikhera PGW, BSW al.,2004: Palni Alinagar PGW IAR : Makhan Lal 1984: Panchgawan PGW, NBPW 294 Panwah PGW IAR : Parham PGW IAR : Pariar PGW IAR : Parichhatgarh Parsehra(Madanpur) PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR :37 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari RW 2004: Parshuramkhera PGW Sharma 2008: Pasnikpur BRW, PGW, NBPW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004: Patara PGW IAR :67 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, 302 Pausil Sculpture of Durga Tewari 2004: Pharengi PGW IAR : Poiya PGW IAR : Praonkh-Sahan PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga- Kushan IAR :58

28 306 Pundri PGW IAR : Pura PGW Tripathi Puranpur PGW Tripathi Qila Hathras PGW Tripathi Qila Mewi OCP, BRW, PGW Chakrabarti et al.,2004:68 PGW, NBPW, 311 Qila Mound Radhan Rafiabad Early Historical IAR :22 BRW, PGW, IAR NBPW 87:131 OCP, Plain BRW, PGW, IAR Glazed ware, EH 79: Rahimpur Bisdhan PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Rai PGW IAR Raipur PGW IAR : Rairh GW, PGW Chakabarti et al.,2004:57-59 PGW, NBPW, BW, RW IAR : Ramgarh Rankhandi PGW Tripathi Rasemar PGW IAR : Rasulpur PGW IAR Rasulpur Bhuranda PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Rasulpur Zahid PGW and other associated ware IAR : Renuka PGW IAR : Sadhauli PGW Tripathi Sadjwara OCP, PGW, NBPW IAR : Sahan PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga- Kushan IAR : Saigarh PGW,BS, R, M IAR : Saini PGW Ancient India :141 Man & Environment VIII-1984: Sajeti Badsahpur PGW, NBPW 331 Sakhitara PGW IAR : Salempur PGW Tripathi

29 333 Salempur-Bhokri PGW IAR : Salempur-Parihna PGW IAR : Samain PGW IAR : Sambhalgarh PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Samipur PGW IAR : Sanchankot PGW Tewari & Srivastava 2005: Makhan Lal 339 Sanihapur PGW, NBPW 1984: Sankara PGW, NBPW IAR : Sankisa PGW, NBPW, RW, BSW, Medieval Tewari 2004: Santokhpur Ghat PGW, NBPW IAR : Sapai PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984: Sarai Bharthara PGW, NBPW IAR : Sarawa PGW IAR Makhan Lal 346 Sarayaganj PGW, NBPW 1984:61-80 IAR Sarwana Khera PGW 82:100 PGW, BRW, 348 Sasni Medieval Ware IAR :31 PGW, GW, 349 Saunphari BSW, ORSW,RW Tewari 2004: Sauripur PGW, NBPW IAR : Sedhi PGW IAR : Semra- Janipur(Kankarghat) PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004: Shahabad PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, 354 Shahbaz Nagar BSW, RW, Glazed Ware Tewari 2004: Shahpur PGW Tripathi Shakarpur Road PGW Tripathi 1976 BRW, PGW, 357 Shakoorganj GW, RW IAR : Shampur PGW Tripathi

30 359 Shamsherganj-Maholi PGW IAR : Shamsherganj-Maholi PGW IAR : Sheonagri PGW IAR : Sherpur Qutbpur PGW IAR : Shikhana Mound PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR :22 PGW, NBPW, Makhan Lal 364 Siddapur Sheoli POST NBPW 1984:61-80 BRW, PGW, Chakarbarti et 365 Sikandarabad idgah OCP al.,2004:57-69 OCP, PGW, 366 Sikera BSW, Medieval IAR : Sikkerera OCP, PGW IAR : Sikri PGW IAR PGW, GW, Tewari 369 Silsanda BSW, RW 2004:211 PGW, RW, GW, Tewari 370 Simraya BSW 2004: IAR Sirsa Ther OCP, PGW, Hist 79: Sirsaganj PGW IAR : Siswania PGW, NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval IAR :83-86 PGW, 374 Siyapur NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval Tewari 2004: Sonkh PGW Hartel Sanoti PGW IAR : Sonouthi PGW IAR : Sravasti PGW IAR : Srigaverpur PGW IAR : Sultanganj PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004: Sultanpura PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004: Sultanpur-Hitana PGW IAR : Suthari PGW IAR : Sutnera PGW, BSW, GW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004:

31 385 Tajpur-Pioli PGW Tripathi Takhwan PGW Tripathi Talgaon PGW, GW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004: Tanda PGW IAR : Tappal PGW IAR : Thakurwara PGW Tripathi Thataula OCP, PGW IAR : Timrua PGW Tripathi Tiparpur PGW IAR : Tiuri ismailpur PGW, BSW, GW, RW, D.P. Tewari 2004:211 Man & Environment VIII-1984: Tora-A PGW, NBPW Tuskan PGW IAR : Uisara PGW IAR : Ujhan PGW IAR : Ukhrend PGW IAR : Unchagaon PGW Tripathi Uncha-Islamabad PGW IAR : Utrana PGW, BSW, Hist IAR : Utara PGW IAR : Vainala PGW Tripathi Vaman PGW, NBPW IAR : Vidyapur PGW IAR : Vijai Garh Crude PGW, BS, M IAR : Yeseenpur PGW IAR :37 Defence The last phase of the proto-historic period in the sphere of our current study is characterized by the advent of the Painted Grey Ware people. About 408 sites of Painted Grey Ware so far have been reported from the present study area. A number of these have been excavated which have been discussed above. Detailed reports of 228

32 Hastinapur (Lal 1955) and Atranjikhera are available, apart from study area Madina(Kumar et. al 2007) is the single culture excavated site and Bhagwanpur report helps us to understand this culture in holistic perspective. Available data from excavated site provides us enough information to generate the micro-settlement pattern of this culture. Unlike Mature Harappan period defence walls, PGW settlements were surrounded by a V shaped moat, mud bund. A mud bund has been rported from Atranjikhera around PGW settlement (Gaur 1983:126). A moat or ditch has been reported from Jekhara but details are not given. At Hatt (personal communication from the excavator) the earliest habitation of the area was surrounded by a V shaped moat. Similar evidences have been recovered from Kunal (Acharya, M. 2008:23) with its maximum depth and width is 3.45 and 4.15 m respectively. At Jogna Khera (Acharya M and R.S. Dahiya :13) also a moat was encountered but no details are available.. This was filled with water as silt was observed at its bottom and these were probably defences against the wild animal. At Hatt the most is to small and shallow for protection against wild animals but it was for the protection from the reptiles as inner end is vertical enough for reptiles to climb. So far, in the area under present study not even a single site has yielded such kind of evidences and all above discussed sites are located close to study area. Dwelling Structures Most of the excavated sites in the area under present study have multi cultural deposits. So our knowledge about the domestic structure is limited. For this pupose, 229

33 we also studied the important and single culture excavated sites of the adjoining region, specially Bhagwanpura and Madina. Dwelling structures found during the excavations at various sites can be broadly divided into three types viz, dwelling pits, huts and mud wall houses. Post holes have been reported from Hulas, Hastinapur, Sonkh, Allahpur, Atranjikhera and Jekhara. But no detailed plan of the huts has been available from the sites of area under present study. So we have to bank upon the data available from the adjoing area. The huts of this period may have sloping thatched roofs. At Madina evidences of this type of typical huts were encountered.two big postholes for front and back supporting beams and two small postholes (both the sides) were noticed (Manmohan Kumar et. al 2009:98). A large number of burnt clay lumps having impressions of bamboo, wood and reed were found which indicated that PGW peoples did not construct the mud walls but used mud and reed screen plastered with mud as the side walls (Manmohan Kumar et. al 2009:96). Evidences of post holes have been reported from Daulatpur (IAR :23) but the shape of huts is not given. At Madina even after close examinationof the post holes, it was found that no pattern of arrangement of the huts was noticed. These huts were situated at a close proximity to each other and in between the huts the open places were used for cooking purpose aschulas, harae and hearths were found. These huts were arranged at the site so that near each hut sufficient space for domestic activities is available. Potters clay levigation pits were also found near some huts. At Jekhera, a circular hut of 6 m. diameter was recovered during the excavations and the interior of this hut was partiotioned by mud walls. Apart from 230

34 this hut, a big hut complex was unearthed which was consisting of three circular huts (Sahi 1994:144). At Hatt evidences of dwelling pits have been found during the PGW period. These pits were plastered with ochre and the floor of these pits were made up of rammed clay and properly plastered. These pits were cut in the natural soil, having vertical sides. Inside some pits steps were noticed. Postholes were also noticed along with these pits, which indicate that these were covered with wattle and daub structure as roof. These pits dwellings were surrounded by a V shaped moat, which acted as a defence wall. No other site has yielded the evidences of dwelling pits during the PGW period. At Bhagwanpura, a rammed mud walled house was unearthed. This house complex consists of 13 rooms, 5 rooms in the western side and 7 rooms on the eastern side. It is roughly oriented to North-South. The size of the rooms varies from 1.60 x 1.60 m. to 3.35 x 4.20 m. There is a corridor in the complex which measures m. in length and 2.20 m. width (Joshi, J.P 1993:40) Although some bricks (sun baked and kilen baked) have been reported from Atranjikhera, measuring 8 x 4 x 4 cm. and some extra large size bricks. But so far, not even a single site has yielded bricks house. Some brunt bricks measuring 30 x 24 x 24, 33 x 30 x 10, 30 x 30 x 6 cm. were recovered from Jakhera (Sahai 1994). This type of bricks may have been used for preapring platform probably for bathing or ritualistic purposes. 231

35 Economy The economy of the Painted Grey Ware people was based on agriculture and animal husbandry along with hunting. Wheat and rice were the important crops. Apart from wheat and rice, ragi, sawan, Kodon are reported from Hulaskhera(Tiwari et. al 1995). Moong, urad, massor, moth, kulthi, khesari, wild oat, tulsi and bathua have been reported from Siyapur (Tiwari and Srivastava 2004;2005) apart from thes gram, horse gram, pigeon pea, sesame, ber, gular, pakad were also reported. Above mentioned seeds indicate that PGW people were enjoying bot Rabi and Karif crops. Alamgirpur is the only site which provides us details regarding animals of PGW period. The faunal utilisation pattern at the site during PGW period shows that throughout during this period peoples are depended mainly on cattle and buffalo. The contribution of sheep and goats was more during the Harappan Phase than the PGW Phase. The role of domestic pigs was marginal in all the cultural phases. The horse has been identified only from the PGW Phase. The diversity of the wild animals is interesting as the people of Almagirpur hunted large bovin as the gaur, nilgai, antelopes, deer, wild pigs, fox, panther, hyena and peafowl. Metallurgy In the area area under persent study, iron was first introduced by PGW using people.theses people were skilled in the manufacture of iron objects is evidenced by as many as 135 specimens from a relatively small dig at Atranjikhera and other excavated sites. So far not even a single evidence of iron smelting has been recorded from any site in the study area but in the adjoing region of Rajasthan, Jodhpur has 232

36 yielded such evidences. Two furnaces from an early phase of the Painted Grey Ware period. These furnaces were of the open type and provided with bellows as indicated by the presence of holes. Very little work has been done to identify the sources from which the people obtained iron ore. Source material, however, exists in varying degrees in the neighbouring Himalayan regions of Kangara, Mandi Almora, Garhwal, etc., in the Aravalli terrain of Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur, etc., in Rajasthan and in the Gwalior region immediately south of the Chambal. The iron objects used by the Painted Grey Ware people fall under four broad categories: (1) household objects; (2) tools for agriculture; (3) other craft tools; and (4) weapons used for warfare or hunting. Under the first category come such objects as nails, pins, hooks, needles, knives, which are reported from various sites, and a pair of tongs found so far only at Atranjikhera. Although this site has not yielded any specific agricultural tool, a sickle and a hoe was found at Jakhera (Sahi, 1978:103). Chisels, borers, clamps, nails and hooks may have been used in carpentry. Arrowheads, mounted on cane shafts and projected from wooden bows, could have been used in warfare as well as in hunting. The arrowheads are found insimple forms as well as barbed, and have a tang that is sometimes socketed. Spearheads, sometimes as long as 25 cm., were evidently mounted on bamboo shafts. Unlike arrows, which were used for long-distance attacks, whether on an enemy or a wild animal, the spear could be used only at a close range. There is so far no evidence of any defensive armour. Although iron had come into use during the Painted Grey Ware period, copper was still an indispensable metal. While the two specimens from Hastinapur, 233

37 which were chemically examined, showed no evidence of any alloy, of the three objects examined from Atranjikhera, one showed the inclusion of tin, lead and zinc to the extent of per cent and another of tin and zinc as much as and 16.2 per cent respectively. The third one was unalloyed. Furthermore, iron was present in all the Atranjikhera samples, varying from 1.23 to as much as 9.7 per cent. The source of the metal could thus be iron chalchopyrite and the retention of iron in the samples should be ascribed to inadequate melting of the ore(agrawal 1983:490). In this culture, there are no copper swords, such as,we have in the copper hoards. This may perhaps be explained by the fact that weapons of war were by then manufactured from iron, which is decidedly more suitable for the purpose. However, copper arrowheads have been found at Hastinapura and Allahpur. Very likely these were used primarily for hunting, though their use in warfare cannot be excluded. Among tools and other objects of copper which were used for cutting or in the manufacturing of goods, mention may be made of the axe, chisel, borer, pin and clamp. Toilet objects included the antimony rod, nailparer, antimony-rod-cumnailparer and toothpick. The find of a needle indicated stitching, most likely of clothes. Among ornaments, rings and bangles deserve mention. That there was no paucity of copper is attested by the discovery of a dish, with a diameter of 17 cm., from Atranjikhera (Gaur, 1983:231) Glass Technology A very remarkable contribution of this period is that of glass technology. The discovery of two specimens of glass bangles from Painted Grey Ware levels at 234

38 Hastinapura came as a significant addition to our knowledge of ancient Indian glass technology. Of the two glass bangles from Hastinapura, one is brown and the other black, resulting in both casesthe presence of iron. In both, the typical conchoidal fracture of glass is unmistakable. Besides bangles, glass beads have also been found. These come from Allahpur and Alamgirpur. From Atranjikhera comes a piece of glass of dark green colour, which formed a part of a bottle or some other receptacle (Agrawal. 1983:490) Chronology The dating of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura had originally to be carried out on the basis of its relative stratigraphic horizon. On the one hand, it overlay the remains of the Ochre Colour Ware and, on the other, it was itself overlaid by Northern Black Polished Ware deposits. There was a break of occupation between each of these three successive periods. The chronological horizon of the Northern Black Polished Ware had been approximately indicated at Taxila where the majority of the specimens of this ware preceded the level yielding coins of Alexander ( 300 BCE) and went down to a further depth of 2.15 m. below that level. On a rough computation, therefore, the Northern Black Polished Ware was thought to have appeared at Taxila some time in the sixth century b.c. Since there was a break of occupation between the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Polished Ware periods at Hastinapura, with substantial changes in the material culture from one to the other (such as the appearance of brunt-brick structures, a system of coinage, weights, etc.) it was thought that the end of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura may have 235

39 come around 800 BCE In view of the 2.5 m. thickness of the Painted Grey Ware deposits, it was estimated that the beginning of the settlement of this culture at Hastinapura may have been around 1100 BCE It was also postulated that the Painted Grey Ware may have continued later at other sites and may have even overlapped with the Northern Black Polished Ware. Later when the radio-carbon method came into vogue, samples from Hastinapura itself and from other sites like Rupar, Atranjikhera, Noh, etc., were put to the test. As a result, there is a good evidence to say that the beginning of the Painted Grey Ware at the iron-using sites such as Noh and Atranjikhera and derivatively at Hastinapura and Mathura too, is in no case later than 1000 BCE It may well be much earlier. The Painted Grey Ware levels in the iron-using sites of the upper Ganges-Jamuna basin may broadly be dated between the limits of 1100 and 700 BCE and the Painted Grey Ware/ Northern Black PolishedWare overlap between 700 and 500 BCE The pre-iron phase of this culture which has yet to be firmly established may well be antedated 1100 BCE This archaeological evidence about the Painted Grey Ware Culture may be understood in the background of the Vedic material. The general consensus of scholarly opinion puts the Rigvedic period broadly between 1500 and 1200 BCE and the later Brahmanic-cum- Upanishadic period between 800 and 500 BCE Pottery The third group of the proto-historic ceramic industry in the region is the Painted Grey Ware (PGW). The PGW or grey ware is usually wheel-thrown. It is made of well-levigated clay which is almost free of impurity. Regarding the technique used for the manufacturing the vessels, the vessel is dried after the primary 236

40 modelling and then again placed on a wheel to finish the surface modelling like scraping the base portion, trimming and burnishing, hence some sherds of PGW recoveredduring the course of explorations. Black slipped ware is also fabricated with the help of the same technique. But its final surface treatment using black slip makes this ware different from PGW, common shapes in the BSW are dishes and bowls. Red ware which was associated with Painted Grey Ware was of coarse fabricmedium and it is made of carelessly levigated clay, usually mixed with small kankars and husks. The main shapes of this ware include basin, bowl, vase, jar, etc. This ware is both hand made and thrown on slow wheel and decorated with impressed and mud appliqué designs. Some of the illustrated sherds are disused below: Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and decorated with concentric circles. 2. Bowl having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow ridge between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of parallel horizontal strokes is painted on the external surface. 3. Bowl having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 237

41 Base fragment of a dish, decorated with broad bands. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is painted on the internal surface. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined outwards. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of two curvilinear lines and dots between the former is painted on the external side. 5. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is painted on the internal surface. 6. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and a rounded flat base. The rim shows an angular section having a flat face on the edge.. A motif consisting of semicircles and dots which are arranged perfectly, is there. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A horizontal row of dots is painted on the internal surface. Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Vase, having an inturned neck with an out-turned rim. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red. 238

42 2. Vase, having an out turned neck with flaring rim. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red. 3. Short-necked vase, having an out-turned neck with a simple rim and a globular body. Two parallel grooves are delineated on the shoulder. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the neck portion are slipped in red. Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Kurdi 1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 5. Bowl, having a shallow body with a carination and an outcurved neck with a drooping rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of three parallel horizontal strokes is painted on the external surface, and a part of parallel strokes is intact on the internal surface of the rim. 239

43 6. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 7. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a dull orange to grey band. A set of parallel oblique lines is painted on the outer surface, and a set of parallel vertical strokes is painted on the internal surface. 8. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The external surface of the rim portion and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the body is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of three parallel oblique lines and rows of dots is painted on the external surface. 9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with two narrow grooves on the external side. Three grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in orange on both sides. 10. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on the external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides. 240

44 Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi 1 Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 2. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides. 3. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 4. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. Pl. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 1.Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external 241

45 surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim which is inturned. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The internal surface of the body is finished by further smoothening in an oblique direction. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 4. Base fragment of a dish, sagger base. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 5. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 6. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two 242

46 concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 7. Bowl, having straight sides and slightly pointed rim. Both surfaces are finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with black band. An uncertain motif consisting of curvilinear lines is painted on the outer surface. 8. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section. 9. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is executed with greyish yellow brown slip on both sides. A set of five strokes, one of which is relatively broader than others, is painted on the internal surface. 10. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim with a narrow groove below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Asara-2 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 2. Vase of a grey ware, treated with gery slip. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 243

47 3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 5. Dish, having convex sides, a roundly pointed rim and a sagger base. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 6. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim, The rim was modelled by luting technique. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 7. Dish, having slightly convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 8. Base of a gery ware dish.. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on the external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides. 10. Base portion, probably of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface of the body portion is smoothened with rotation on both sides, and string-cut marks remain on the external surface of the base. 244

48 Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Bamnoli 1. Pot, having a short neck, a rim of triangular section and a globular body. The neck portion is smoothened with rotation and the body is finished by smoothened without rotation on both sides. 2. Pot, having a straight neck, slightly outcurved, and a rim of triangular section. The body may have been globular in shape. Two parallel grooves are executed on the shoulder. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The external surface is slipped in reddish orange. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a slightly pointed rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The surface is finished by streak burnishing after smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band and with loop on the internal side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Dish having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 6. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly inward, and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation after smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 245

49 Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli 1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a groove on its internal side. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 2. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 3. Base sherd of a pot or bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base. 4..Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 6. Base sherd of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base. 246

50 Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Barnava 1. Pot, having a prominently outcurved neck and a beaded rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Pot, having a short neck and an elliptical body. The rim is roundly thickened. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 3. Bowl, having an incurved rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. Pl Painted Grey Ware from )Kairana-1 1. Bowl or Dish, having convex sides with a deeper profile and a pointed rim. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by scraping without rotation. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 3. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 5. Base fragment of a dish, having convex base. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 247

51 6. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Pl Black Slip Ware from Barnava 1. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides. 2. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides 3. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 4. Dish, having concave sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 248

52 5. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. Pl Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 2..Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is light gery in colour as compared to No Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Three vertical rows of dots are painted on the internal surface. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Bowl, having slightly convex sides and carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface is smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 249

53 6. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is light gery in colour as compared to No. 1 Pl Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 3 Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band inner side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and decorated with white vertical lines. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation 250

54 Pl Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without rotation on the inner side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal surface of the base, concentric circles are painted 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides. 3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted on the inner side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 5. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly convex, and a pointed rim. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body below the carination is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 251

55 6. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. Pl Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2 1. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Wavy lines are painted on the external surface of the upper half of the body. 2. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Decorated with parallel lines on the external surface of the upper half of the body. 3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides. Pl Painted Grey Ware from Kausambi 1. Dish of a Black Slip Ware, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a rounded rim with a groove below it. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in black on both sides. The external surface is finished by burnishing. 2. Dish of a Blak Slip Ware, having straight sides and a ridged rim. A narrow groove is delineated just below the rim on the external surface. There is a carination between 252

56 the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in black on both sides. 3. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim with two grooves on its external side. Two grooves are executed on the external surface of the middle of the body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by scraping without rotation. The rim is modelled by luting. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which is slightly inclined inwards, a pointed rim and a rounded flat base. The surface of the body portion is smoothened with rotation and the surface of the base is smoothened without rotation. Regular striations are left on the internal surface of the body as a result of smoothening with rotation. 6. Dish, having convex sides and a ridged rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 7. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 253

57 8. Base of a bowl, the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation. Decorated with three black lines. 9. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim and a sagger base. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface is smoothened with rotation and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 10. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of four parallel strokes is painted on both sides. 11. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without rotation on the internal side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal surface of the base, concentric circles are painted Pl Ghata shape bead from Kausambi 1. A ghata-shaped bead, yellowish red in colour, truncated apex. 2. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip. 3. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 4. A ghata-shaped bead, greyish red in colour, truncated apex. 5. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 6. A ghata-shaped bead, dull red in colour, truncated apex. 254

58 7. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. Pl Terracotta Sling Balls from Ahichattra 1. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired, décorated with incised vertical lines all over. 2. A terracotta sling, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired 3. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired. 4. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired. 5. A terracotta sling ball, well baked, buff coloured, spheroid, terracotta sling ball. Pl Terracotta Disc from Ahichattra 1. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, red in colour. 2. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with reddishorange slip. 3. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay and treated with red slip. 4. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, buff in colour. 255

59 Pl Decorated Terracotta Disc from Hastinapur 1. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with buff slip. 2 Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. 3. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches made of nail impressions around the circumference on obverse and reverse. 4. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on both sides. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. 5. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. 6. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. Pl Terracotta Disc from Kasuambi 1. Terracotta disc of grey colour, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. 256

60 2. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. Pl Bone points from Kausambi 1. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. 2. Fragment of a bone point, both the sides (upper and lower) are missing. 3. A biconical bone point, half broken, buff in colour, one pointed end is intact. 4. Fragment of a bone point, black in colour due to firing, with sharp edge, having octagonal section. 5. A biconical bone point partially broken, black in colour, both the ends are pointed. 6. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. 7. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. Pl Ghata Shaped Bead and Grey Discs from Alamgirpur 1. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 2. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 3. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 257

61 5.24 Terracotta Objects from Kurdi 1. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip. 2. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 3. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 4. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. 5. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. 6. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 258

62 Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Alamgirpur Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Kurdi 259

63 Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi Pl. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 260

64 Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Asara-2 Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Bamnoli 261

65 Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware associated red ware from Barnava 262

66 Pl. 5.10Painted Grey Ware from Kairana-1 Pl. 5.11Black Slip Ware from Barnava 263

67 Pl. 5.12Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur Pl. 5.13Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 264

68 Pl. 5.14Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur Pl. 5.15Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2 265

69 Pl Painted Grey ware From Kausambi Pl. 5.17Ghat shape bead from Kausambi 266

70 Pl. 5.18Terracotta sling balls from Ahichchhatra Pl. 5.19Terracotta disc from Ahichchhatra 267

71 Pl. 5.20Decorated terracotta disc from Hastinapur Pl. 5.21Terracotta disc from Kasuambi 268

72 Pl. 5.22Bone points from Kausambi Pl Ghat Shaped bead and grey discs from Alamgirpur 269

73 5.24 Terracotta objects from Kurdi 270

74 Figure 5.1: Painted Grey Ware and Grey Ware 271

75 Figure 5.2: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 272

76 Figure 5.3: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 273

77 Figure 5.4: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 274