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1 ISSN , CODEN RUXUEW Journal of Software, Vol17, No2, February 2006, pp DOI: /jos Tel/Fax: by Journal of Software All rights reserved JPEG 1,2 1,3+, 1 (, ) 2 (, ) 3 (, ) A Semi-Fragile Image Watermarking Resisting to JPEG LI Chun 1,2, HUANG Ji-Wu 1,3+ 1 (School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou , China) 2 (China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No7 Research Institute, Guangzhou , China) 3 (Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology, Guangzhou , China) + Corresponding author: isshjw@mailsysueducn Li C, Huang JW A semi-fragile image watermarking resisting to JPEG Journal of Software, 2006,17(2): Abstract: Semi-Fragile watermark has attracted attention due to its important role in content authentication for multimedia In order to differentiate incidental attacks and malicious attacks, semi-fragile watermark must be robust against content-protection image processing Semi-fragile watermark resisting to JPEG compression while maintaining high detection ability to tamper has been the emphasis in this area In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking algorithm to resist JPEG is proposed based on the fact that most of the coefficients of high frequency have the same relative energy relations after JPEG compression The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has the advantages such as simple computation complexity, big embedding capability, good robustness to JPEG, and exact location for tamper Key words: : semi-fragile watermarking; digital watermarking; JPEG; wavelet coefficient, JPEG,, JPEG JPEG, JPEG,,, JPEG, : ; ;JPEG; : TP309 : A Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos , , ( ); the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China under Grant No ( ) Received ; Accepted

2 316 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006, : ;( ), ( ), ( ),, [1],, 3 : [2,3], ( JPEG ), JPEG, JPEG Ho Li JPEG, DCT JPEG [4] [5],Zhang JPEG, Zhou (ECC) JPEG [6] Hu [7] HVS,, [8],Hu,, JPEG JPEG, JPEG JPEG, JPEG,, JPEG, JPEG,, JPEG, JPEG Lie Chang [9],Lin Chang DCT JPEG [10], DWT JPEG, JPEG 1 Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop Fig1 Images used for testing the relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients 1 JPEG ( ) JPEG, HH 1,HL 1,LH 1,LL 1 4 LH 1 1 2, [a 1 a 2 ], d=a 1 a 2 d>g(g,g 0), d 0, ;, d< g, d<0,

3 : JPEG 317 a1 HL 1, 2 1( ),, d=a1 a 2 a2 LH 1, JPEG,LH 1 HL 1, 1(,LH 1,HL 1 ) LH 1,HL 1, 2 (,LH 1,HL 1 ) 1 2 LL 1, JPEG,,, LL 1 JPEG,,, HL 1 LH : (1) JPEG,LH 1,, HL 1,,LH 1, HL 1, JPEG, LH 1 JPEG,HL 1 (2) JPEG,LH 1 HL 1 (3) JPEG,, g JPEG Table 1 The relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients Quality in high frequency subbands of the images under JPEG 1 JPEG Image g LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop

4 318 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Table 2 The relationship between the neighboring wavelet coefficients in high frequency 2 Quality subbands of the images under JPEG after changing the slip windows JPEG Image g LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop JPEG 21 m m, (m/4) (m/4),, LH 1 2 2, LH , 4 1,, a11 a a21 a 22 bit 0, a 11 a 12 >g a 21 a 22 >g(g,g 0);, a 11,a 21, a 12,a 22, bit 1, a 11 a 12 < g a 21 a 22 < g;, a 11,a 21, a11 a12 a 12,a 22, HL 1, 2 2, a21 a 22 bit 0, a11 a 21 >g a 12 a 22 >g;, a 11,a 12, a 21,a 22, bit 1, a 11 a 21 < g a 12 a 22 < g;, a 11,a 12, a 21,a 22,,, ±(g+1) 22,LH 1 HL 1 2, (LH 1,HL 1 ), JPEG

5 : JPEG 319, PSNR 21,PSNR bit 0,1, LH 1 HL 1,, PSNR, PSNR, avr_lh avr_hl, : W 1 H [ p(2 x, y) p(2x + 1, y)] y= 0 x= 0 avr _ LH = H W H 1 W [ px (,2 y) px (,2y+ 1)] x= 0 y= 0 avr _ HL = (2) H W H W,p(x,y) (x,y) LH 1,HL 1,, PSNR, PSNR avr_lh avr_hl 3 Table 3 The average variance of neighboring wavelet coefficients of test images Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop avr_lh avr_hl bits, g(g=0) LH 1 HL ,, 4 Table 4 PSNR for embedding watermark into different sub-bands of high frequency of test images 4 PSNR Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop PSNR (LH 1 ) PSNR (HL 1 ) , PSNR 23, 21,,, ±(g+1),, g+1 g+1 min{avr_lh,avr_hl},,, avr_lh avr_hl, 5 (g=0), a11 a12, 2 2, a21 a 22 (1) LH 1, a 11 +a 21 >a 12 +a 22, bit 0, 1; HL 1, a 11 +a 12 >a 21 +a 22, bit 0, 1

6 320 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Table 5 Alteration of average variance of neighboring wavelet coefficients of test images after embedding watermarking 5 Image Lena Baboon Boat Goldhill Lake Milkdrop Embedded sub-band HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 HL 1 LH 1 HL 1 The average variance of near wavelet coefficients before embedding watermarking The average variance of near wavelet coefficients after embedding watermarking [11], D ( i, j) = W ( i, j) W ( i, j) (3),, 0, ; 1, [11], : S={ }; S dense ={ }; S sparse ={ }; S total =S dense +S sparse ; λ=s total /S; δ=s sparse /S dense : λ, λ=0,; λ>0, δ, δ T(T ),, δ<t, T, [8] T,,, ,,, ;,,,, [11],,,,, II :, x(i,j), x(i 1,j),x(i,j 1),x(i,j+1),x(i+1,j) x(i,j), x(i 1,j 1), x(i 1,j+1),x(i+1,j 1),x(i+1,j+1) x(i,j) II : ( ),,, II: (1) ; (2),, II,, II,,, 2, 25, [12],

7 : JPEG 321,,, Key, m n P H ={P 1 H, P 2 H,,P m H } P W ={P 0 W,P 1 W,,P n W },, Key, Key, Key Key, P H P W,, [( 2 ) ] = 2, Key 3 31 g 23, g+1 min{avr_lh,avr_hl},, HL 1 LH 1, g 0 g min{ avr _ LH, avr _ HL} bits lena,baboon,milkdrop g 0,1,2,3,4,5, 2 (a) Original images (a) (b) Watermarked images, g=2 (b),g=2 Fig2 2, PSNR g, 3, 3(a)~ 3(c) Lena,Baboon,Milkdrop (a) (b) (c) Fig3 The relationship between PSNR and g 3 PSNR g

8 322 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 Lena 90,80,70,60,50 JPEG,, 241 δ, (T=05) 6, Y,N Table 6 Watermark data extracted from watermarked Lena after JPEG Watermark data g 6 δ extracted from watermarked Lena after JPEG Lena Quality factor Y Y Y Y N 2 Y Y Y Y Y 6, T 05,g=2, 50 JPEG 4, 4(a), 4(b)~ 4(f) g=2, 90,80,70,60,50 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig4 Robustness of the watermark resisting to JPEG 4 JPEG, JPEG g 32,, 5 (a) Embedded watermark image(g=1), the area in broken line (b) Image after tamper will be replaced by the original image (a) (g=1), (b) (c) Extracted watermark (δ=00942) (d) Final difference image (c) (δ=00942) (d) Fig5 Location for tamper 5

9 : JPEG , [6,13] Lena, Table 7 Performance comparison with other algorithms 7 Size of host Size of Precision of orientation Quality factor of PSNR (db) image watermark for tamper resisting to JPEG This paper (g=1) Very exactly Reference [6] Commonly Reference [13] Relatively exactly , PSNR, [6,13] 4, JPEG [13], [14] 4 JPEG : (1) JPEG,, JPEG (2),, (3),, References: [1] Hua XS, Shi QY Research on fragile watermarking problems Journal of Image and Graphics, 2001,6(11): (in Chinese with English abstract) [2] Lin ET, Delp EJ A review of fragile image watermarks In: Proc of the ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop Orlando: ACM Press, [3] Fridrich J Methods for tamper detection in digital images In: Proc of the ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security Orlando: ACM Press, [4] Ho CK, Li CT Semi-Fragile watermarking scheme for authentication of JPEG images In: Proc of the Int l Conf on Information Technology: Coding and Computing 2004 Piscaterway: IEEE Press, [5] Zhang J, Zhang CT Semi-Fragile watermarking for JPEG2000 image authentication ACTA Electronica Sinica, 2004,32(1): (in Chinese with English abstract) [6] Zhou X, Duan XH, Wang DX A semi-fragile watermark scheme for image authentication In: Proc of the 10th Int l Conf on Multimedia Modelling Piscaterway: IEEE Press, [7] Hu JQ, Huang JW, Huang DR A DWT-based fragile watermarking tolerant of JPEG compression In: Proc of Int l Workshop on Digital Watermarking 2002 LNCS 2613, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, [8] Hu JQ Fragile watermarking: Methods and applications [PhD Thesis] Guangzhou: Sun Yat-Sen University, 2003 (in Chinese with English abstract) [9] Lie WN, Chang LC Robust and high-quality time-domain audio watermarking subject to psychoacoustic masking In: Proc of the 2001 IEEE Int l Symp on Circuits and Systems Piscaterway: IEEE Press, 45 48

10 324 Journal of Software Vol17, No2, February 2006 [10] Lin CY, Chang SF A robust image authentication method distinguishing JPEG compression from malicious manipulation IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems of Video Technology, 2001,11(2): [11] Hu JQ, Huang JW, Huang DR, Shi YQ Image fragile watermarking based on fusion of multi-resolution tamper detection Electronics Letters, 2002,38(24): [12] Yan WQ, Zou JC, Qi DX A novel digital image scrambling method Journal of North China University of Technology, 2002,14(1):1 7 (in Chinese with English abstract) [13] Sun R, Sun H, Yao TR A SVD- and quantization based semi-fragile watermarking technique for image authentication In: Proc of the 6th Int l Conf on Signal Processing Beijing, [14] Katzenbeiseer S, Petitcolas FAP; Wu QX, et al, Trans Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press, 2001 (in Chinese) : [1],,2001,6(11): [5], JPEG2000,2004,32(1): [8] [ ] :,2003 [12],, DES,2002,14(1):1 7 [14] Katzenbeiseer S, Petitcolas FAP;,, :,2001 (1982 ),,,, (1962 ),,,,,,