COMPARISON OF HIGH EFFICIENCY VIDEO CODING (HEVC) PERFORMANCE WITH H.264 ADVANCED VIDEO CODING (AVC)

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1 Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Special Issue on 4th International Technical Conference 2014, June (2015) School of Engineering, Taylor s University COMPARISON OF HIGH EFFICIENCY VIDEO CODING (HEVC) PERFORMANCE WITH H.264 ADVANCED VIDEO CODING (AVC) A. A. BASRI*, N. ZAINAL Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Build Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: azrim.abasri@gmail.com Abstract High Efficient video coding (HEVC) will be replacing the current standard, H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC). The main goal for HEVC standardization is to deliver equal video quality for half the bit-rate of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Other objective of HEVC is to support higher resolution than the current high definition (HD) of Nevertheless, HEVC standard has similar structure design of previous standard but with new enhancement and improvement. This paper will briefly highlight new technical features in HEVC standard. Main focus in HEVC investigation will be enhancement, changes and improvement compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. In addition, test is performed by using HEVC reference software (HM 12.0) comparing with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC reference software (JM 18.5). Moreover, different configuration of HEVC encoder will be tested, exclusively in intra/inter-picture configuration, entropy coding setting, de-blocking filters and sample adaptive offset (SAO), comparing its performances with H.264/MPEG- 4 AVC. Test sequences used in the experiment consist of different resolution and frame rate. The experiment objective is to examine the capabilities of HEVC in delivering equal or higher quality videos by using objective quality measurement - peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). All of data collected will be fitted using rate-distortion (RD) curves. Keywords: HEVC, AVC, PSNR, Deblocking, Intra/inter-picture, Rate-distortion, Entropy coding. 1. Introduction Demands in high quality digital video become apparent in recent year. Presently, all of video content is transmitted using satellite, cable and terrestrial broadcasting system. However, today s infrastructure is insufficient in transmitting ultra-high 102

2 Comparison of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Performance with definition (UHD) video content to customers. With the current technology limitation, transmission system improvement is needed. The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard is the new video coding standard replacing H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC). This project is a joint project from ISO/IEC Moving Picture Expect Group (MPEG) and ITU- T Video Coding Expect Group (VCEG) standardization organization, and the collaboration group known as Joint Collaborative Team in Video Coding (JCT- VC) [1]. In ISO/IEC, HEVC standard will be known as MPEG-H Part 2 and in ITU-T will be name as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The final draft International Standard has been released on January 2013 [2], and officially approved as standard on April 13, HEVC standard design main target is to deliver digital video content with the same quality as it predecessor, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC but with half of its bitrates. Moreover, HEVC design is focusing on supporting higher resolution than high definition and improvement on parallel processing usage [3]. In HEVC, only the bitstream structure and syntax element is standardized. The objective of this paper is to examine the new features in HEVC. Those features will be described in next section. For this purpose, the test data will be compared side by side with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC with similar configuration. Investigation is focus on HEVC objective quality measurement. 2. HEVC Design Overview 2.1. Objective of HEVC standardization The HEVC standard design employs the existing tools from H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. One of the targets in HEVC design is ultra-high resolution with higher frame rates. However, by increasing video resolution and frame rates will increase the bitrates of the coded video. Consequently, this will need a very large media storage or high speed network for transmission. In order to address these problems, HEVC design objective is to deliver high quality video with half of its bitrates. The block diagram in Fig. 1(b) represents a reference encoder of HEVC standard [3]. The main structures of the HEVC encoder resemble that of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [4] in Fig. 1(a) HEVC feature highlights The features mentioned in the next paragraph will be the basic overview of the new coding standard, HEVC. These features derive from the previous standard, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. More details of HEVC mechanism can be found in Gary Sullivan et al. [3] Picture partitioning In H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, each picture is divided using macroblocks containing a block of luma samples and for 4:2:0 video sequences, two of 8 8 blocks from chroma sample. In HEVC coding where each picture will be divided into coding tree

3 104 A.A. Basri and N. Zainal unit (CTU) which can be larger than macroblock, as shown in Fig. 2. The width and height of CTU can be L L, where L = 16, 32, or 64 will be set at the encoder. The CTU consist of three coding tree block (CTB); luma (Y) and two chroma samples (Cr and Cb) and syntax associated with these blocks. The size of CTB can be 16 16, or The larger size of CTU compare to 16x16 macroblocks is used for better compression, especially for higher-resolution pictures. (a) H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Video Encoder Block Digram [4]. (b) HEVC Video Encoder and Decoder (in gray) Block Diagram [3]. Fig. 1. Reference video coding structure for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC.

4 Comparison of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Performance with Fig. 2. Illustration of the partitioning picture into coding tree unit (CTU). Another advantage of large CTU is better coding efficiency. However, encoder/decoder delay, memory requirements, and encoder computational complexity may increase [3]. Each CTU can be partitioned recursively into coding unit (CU). The size of CU can be as small as 8 8 to the same size of CTU (if CTU size is 64 64), using tree structure partition, as example shown in Fig. 3. A CU consist of a square block of luma sample, two block of chroma samples and a syntax element associate with these sample block, or known as coding block (CB). An example for Y:U:V 4:2:0 sample format, each 2 N 2 N luma CB associated with two 2 N- 1 2 N-1 chroma CBs [5]. A CTU blocks may contain one or multiple CUs. Each CU inside CTU is coded using z-scan order, or depth-first order, as example in Fig. 3 [5]. At CU level, the decision for intra/inter-picture prediction is made. For each CU blocks, decision for luma and chroma samples prediction whether using intra-picture prediction mode or motion-compensation prediction coding mode. Fig. 3. Example of partitioning 64 x 64 coding tree unit (CTU) into coding unit (CU) [5] Prediction block and transform block For inter-prediction coded CUs, the luma and chroma CBs can be split into prediction block (PB). Each CU can split further into smaller unit known as prediction units (PU). A PU is associated with CU for prediction mode, either intra-picture (spatial) prediction or inter-picture (temporal) prediction. The mode

5 106 A.A. Basri and N. Zainal of splitting CU to PU as shown in Fig. 4 for inter-picture coded mode supported by HEVC. For intra, only 2N 2N and N N is supported. Fig. 4. Prediciton unit (PU) [3]. Prediction residual (difference between predicted image and actual image) is coded using block transforms similar with prior standard. The residual block split into multiple square transform block (TB) with the size of 32 32, 16 16, 8 8 down to 4 4. The block transforms used in HEVC standard is similar with integer basis function of discreet cosine transform (DCT). Except for luma 4 4 transform block, discreet sine transform (DST) is used instead. The purposes of using DST are computational simplicity compared to DCT-style transform and provide 1% bit-rate reduction in intrapicture predictive coding [3] Entropy encoding and in-loop filter Entropy encoding is applied after the transformation to code all quantization transform coefficients including syntax elements. In previous standard, there are two type of entropy encoding provided; context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) as default entropy coder, and context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) is optional. In HEVC final draft, CABAC is a base for entropy coding and CAVLC no longer provided. Moreover, CABAC used in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC could save 5% to 15% bit rate compare to CAVLC [4]. CABAC offered better coding than CAVLC because of arithmetic coding engine. The disadvantage of CABAC is increasing complexity in coding. Block transforms coding will produce the blocking artifacts in coded video and thus degrading the video quality. In order to improve subjective and objective quality of video, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC applied adaptive low-pass filter to block boundaries according to boundary strength. The filter, deblocking filter (DBF) used in HEVC is identical with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. However, there are improvements in HEVC DBF especially in decision making and filter processing. There are several block boundaries sample may be filtered in HEVC, such as PUs and TUs adjacent boundaries. Unlike H.264/MPEG-4 AVC where DBF is performed on every 4 4 edge, HEVC DBF is applied to 8 8 sample grids only to reduce complexity, as shown in Fig. 5. For each boundary, decision will be made to turn DBF on or off and whether to apply strong or weak filtering process. The main objective of DBF in HEVC standard is to improve the subjective quality of the video in the same time decreased design complexity. In order to reduce design complexity, DBF only applied to the boundaries between the coding unit (CU), prediction unit (PU) or transform unit (TU), as shown in Fig. 6. However, excessive filtering could lead to unnecessary smoothing of the picture. In addition, lack of filtering will still produce block artefact.

6 Comparison of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Performance with Fig. 5. Example of picture samples with horizontal and vertical block boundaries on 8 8 grid [6]. Fig. 6. Block boundary with blocking artifact [6]. The decision to filter a block boundary depend on reconstructed pixel values on both sides of boundary and indicator of coding parameter stated that block artifact has been created during coding process [6]. After filtering decision is set, there are two type of filtering strength will be applied at block of 8 8 samples, weak or strong filter compared to five type of filtering strength as in previous standard. For more information on DBF, refer to Andrey Norkin et al. [6]. The new features introduce in HEVC will be sample adaptive offset (SAO). The HEVC DBF will be performed follow by SAO, operates within interpicture prediction loop, before sending them to decoder. SAO is a process that modifies the decoded samples by conditionally adding an offset value to each sample after DBF based on values in look-up tables transmitted by the encoder [3].

7 108 A.A. Basri and N. Zainal 3. HEVC Performance Analysis Performance analysis of HEVC can be conducted in number of different ways. Investigation of HEVC performance will be focus on the new features. The goal of this paper is to present HEVC coding efficiency in comparison with H.264/MPEG- 4 AVC in terms of objective quality assessment. The reference software used in the test is called HM version 12.0 (HEVC Test Model, reference software) [7] and will be describe in Appendix A. For H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, a reference software known as JM (Joint Test Model) [8] version 18.5 and will be described in Appendix A Experiment configuration The HEVC performances test using current model of HM12.0 reference software [7] available at and compared the data with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC JM 18.5 [8] downloaded at tml/. Four test sequences used in test came with different resolution and frame rate as shown in Table 1. Format for the test sequence used is raw YUV 4:2:0 and progressive scan with 8 bit depth luma and chroma. Quantization parameter, QP will be varies for all test sequence with 20, 24, 28 and 32. Table 1. Test sequences. Sequence Resolution Frame rate Frame Count Race Horses Basketball Drill Kristen and Sara Park Scene Configuration for H264/MPEG-4 AVC JM as follow: high profile, sequence type of I-P-P-P-I with CABAC is turn on. CAVLC will be tested using Park Scene sequences. Other options are left as default given in encoder configuration (encoder.cfg) from JM 18.5 software. For testing HEVC, predefine low-delay P profile is used. This profile will produced coded sequences of I-P-P-P-I type with CABAC entropy coding method. Modification has been made in configuration file for QP offset is set to zero for all slices in the sequence. The maximum size for coding unit (CU) in the configuration is 64 x 64 of the depth of 4. Sizes for prediction unit (PU) and transform unit (TU) will left as default. The HEVC in-loop filter (DBF and SAO) will be turn on and off to test the effectiveness of these filters. For measurement of quality, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is used. The average PSNR (in db) will be calculated for each YUV component (PSNR Y, PSNR U, PSNR V ) using PSNR=10 log 2 1 /MSE (1) where B is the number of bits per sample of the video signal to be coded, and MSE is mean square error. In order to measure average PSNR of all YUV components, PSNR YUV is calculated as the weighted sum of PSNR per picture of individual components [9] PSNR = 6 PSNR +PSNR +PSNR /8. (2)

8 Comparison of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Performance with Result of HEVC HM 12.0 versus H.264/MPEG-4 AVC JM 18.5 All of the data will be measured using objective quality measurement, peak signal-tonoise ratio (PSNR). In order to calculate bit rate saving and improvement of average PSNR, Bjontegaard delta rate (BD PSNR and BD Rate) (Bjontegaard 2001 and 2008) [10, 11] is used. The rate-distortion curve is shown in Fig. 7. The full result is shown in Table 2. The comparison of HEVC and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as a based, indicate that HEVC has achieved its goal in bit rate saving in a range of 20-30%. In addition, there are increases, albeit small, average PSNR of the encoded test sequence. For CAVLC, test is done using Park Scene sequence compared with HEVC (DBF and SAO on). The result for this test is 29% bit rate saving with increment of in average PSNR. Table 2. Test result. HEVC HEVC (DBF and SAO Off) Test Sequence BD-PSNR (db) BD-Rate (%) BD-PSNR (db) BD-Rate (%) Race Horses Basketball Drill Kristen and Sara Park Scene Fig. 7. Rate-distortion curve plots for test sequences. 4. Summary and Conclusion In this paper, HEVC standard has been evaluated based on reference software released by JCT-VC group for testing purposes. Based on the result, it can be

9 110 A.A. Basri and N. Zainal concluded that HEVC does achieve the main objective, equal video quality but with bit rate savings, although it felt short on target of 50%. However, objective quality measurement using PSNR is less accurate compared to subjective measurement. As mention above, only the bitstream and syntax elements are standardized in HEVC standard. This will give an opportunity for room of improvement, such as transform coding (DCT and DST), prediction, DBF and many more. Further study will be focusing in higher resolution such as standard 4K ( ) resolution. References 1. Bross, B.; Han, W.-J.; Sullivan, G. J.; Ohm, J.-R.; and Wiegand, T. (2012). High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) text specification draft 9. JCTVC- K1003, Shanghai, China. 2. Bordes, P.; Gordon, C.; Felix, H.; Mickael, R.; and Jerome, Vieron. (2010). An overview of the emerging HEVC standard. IEEE Symposium on Signal, Image, Video and Communications, Sullivan, G.J.; Jens-Rainer, O.; Woo-Jin, H.; and Thomas, W. (2012). Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 22(12), Wiegand, T.; Sullivan, G.J.; Gisle, B.; and Ajay, L. (2003). Overview of the H.264 / AVC video coding standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems For Video Technology, 13(7), Schwarz, H.; Schierl, T.; and Marpe, D. (2014). Block structures and parallelism features in HEVC. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC): Algorithms and Architectures, Norkin, A.; Gisle, B.; Arild, F.; Matthias, N.; Masaru, I.; Kenneth, A.; Minhua, Z.; and Geert Van der, A. (2012). HEVC deblocking filter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 22(12), Fraunhofer. (2013). HM Reference Software Version Retrieved December 7, 2013, from 8. Fraunhofer (2013). JM Reference Software Version Retrieved December 14, 2013, from 9. Jens-Rainer, O.; Sullivan, G.J.; Scharz, Heiko.; Thiow, K.T.; and Weigand, T. (2012). Comparison of the coding efficiency of video coding standards including high efficiency video coding (HEVC). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 22(12), Bjontegaard, G. (2001). Calculation of average PSNR differences between RD-curves. VCEG-M33. ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group 13 th Meeting, Austin, Texas. 11. Bjontegaard, Gisle. (2008). Improvements of the BD-PSNR Model. VCEG- AI11. ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group 35 th Meeting, Berlin, Germany. 12. Bossen, F.; Flynn, D.; and Suhring, K. (2013). HM Software Manual. Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11.

10 Comparison of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Performance with A.1. Introduction Appendix A Reference Software Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCVT-VC) has provided reference software for implementation of HEVC. One of main objective of the reference software is to determine which coding tools provide desired coding performances [12]. HEVC reference software is known as HEVC Test Model (HM) and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is called AVC Joint Test Model (JM). A.2. Test Hardware and Software Platform Specification The list of hardware specification and other software used in the experiment as follows: Hardware: Dell XPS 8700 Intel Core i (3.4GHz) 8 GB RAM DDR3 1 TB SATA Hard Drive Software: Microsoft Windows 8.1 Microsoft Visual Studio Professional 2010 A.3. HEVC Test Model 12.0 (HM12.0) The software manual for HM can be obtained at [12] and the version used is Most of the configuration inside configuration file (cfg) of HM is left to default. The test setting used in section 3 as in Table A-1: Table A-1. Test setting used in Section 3. Values Remark QPoffset 0 Fixed QP value for all frame IntraPeriod 4 Produce I-P-P-P-I LoopFilterDisable 0/1 On/Off DeblockingFilterControlPresent 0/1 On/Off SAO 0/1 On/Off A.4. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (JM) The setting for JM used in the experiment is based on trial-and-error method in order to have similar configuration with HEVC HM. Similar with HM, all of configuration of JM is set to default, and profile used in experiment is High

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