KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACADEMIC YEAR / ODD SEMESTER QUESTION BANK
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1 KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACADEMIC YEAR / ODD SEMESTER QUESTION BANK SUB.CODE / NAME YEAR / SEM : IT1301 INFORMATION CODING TECHNIQUES : III / V UNIT - I INFORMATION ENTROPY FUNDAMENTALS PART- A (2 Marks 1. What is the irreducible complexity below which a signal can t be compressed? 2. What is the ultimate transmission rate for reliable communication over noisy channel? 3. Define capacity. 4. Define information. 5. Define Entropy. 6. List the properties of information 7. Define information rate 8. Give the upper bound and lower bound for entropy 9. Define discrete memory less source When the probabilities of selection of successive events are independent the n the source is said to be discrete memory less source or zero memory source 10. What is the entropy of an extended discrete memory less source? For a discrete memory less source of m messages where m=2n,the entropy of an nth order extended binary source is, 11. Calculate the primary source entropy and the entropy of third extension of binary source with probabilities P0 = ¼, P 1 = ¾ 12. What are the two functional requirements needed in the development of an efficient source encoder? 13. What is Lmin? How it is determined? 14. Find the entropy of second order extension of a source whose alphabet 15. What are uniquely decipherable codes? 16. State Source coding theorem. 17. What is data Compaction? 18. Define prefix codes 19. Why Huffman encoding process is not unique? 20. What are the disadvantages of Huffman coding? 21. State Lempel-Ziv coding 22. If the probability of getting a head is ½ by tossing a coin, find the information associated with it? 23. Find I (s k ) if probability p k = 1/2, 1/4, 1 KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 1
2 UNIT - I PART B(16 marks) 1. (i) How will you calculate channel capacity? (4) (ii) Write channel coding theorem and channel capacity theorem (4) (iii) Calculate the entropy for the given sample data AAABBBCCD) (4) (iv) Prove Shannon information capacity theorem (4) 2. (i) Use differential entropy to compare the randomness of random variables (4) (ii) A four symbol alphabet has following probabilities Pr(a0) =1/2 Pr(a0) = 1/4 Pr(a0) = 1/8 Pr(a0) = 1/8 and an entropy of 1.75 bits. Find a codebook for this four letter alphabet that satisfies source coding theorem (4) (iii) Write the entropy for a binary symmetric source (4) (iv) Write down the channel capacity for a binary channel (4) 3. (a) A discrete memory less source has an alphabet of five symbols whose probabilities of occurrence are as described here Symbols: X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Probability: Compute the Huffman code for this source.also calculates the efficiency of the source encoder (8) (b) (i) (ii) A voice grade channel of telephone network has a bandwidth of 3.4 khz Calculate The information capacity of the telephone channel for a signal to noise ratio of 30 db and The min signal to noise ratio required to support information transmission through the telephone channel at the rate of 9.6Kb/s (8) 4. A discrete memory less source has an alphabet of seven symbols whose probabilities of occurrences are as described below Symbol : s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 Prob : (i) Compute the Huffman code for this source moving a combined symbols as high as possible (10) (ii) Calculate the coding efficiency (4) (iii) Why the computed source has a efficiency of 100% (2) 5. (i) Consider the following binary sequences Use the Lempel Ziv algorithm to encode this sequence. Assume that the binary symbols 1 and 0 are already in the code book. (12) (ii)what are the advantages of Lempel Ziv encoding algorithm over Huffman coding? (4) KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 2
3 6. A discrete memory less source has an alphabet of five symbols with their probabilities for its output as given here [X] = [x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 ] P[X] = [ ] Compute two different Huffman codes for this source.for these two codes. Find (i) (ii) Average code word length Variance of the average code word length over the ensemble of source symbols (16) 7. A discrete memory less source X has five symbols x1,x2,x3,x4 and x5 with probabilities p(x1) 0.4, p(x2) = 0.19, p(x3) = 0.16, p(x4) = 0.15 and p(x5) = 0.1 (i) Construct a Shannon Fano code for X,and Calculate the efficiency of the code (7) (ii) Repeat for the Huffman code and Compare the results (9) 8. Consider that two sources S1 and S2 emit message x1, x2, x3 and y1, y2,y3 with joint probability P(X,Y) as shown in the matrix form. 3/40 1/40 1/40 P(X, Y) 1/20 3/20 1/20 1/8 1/8 3/8 Calculate the entropies H(X), H(Y), H(X/Y), and H (Y/X) (16) 9. Apply Huffman coding procedure to following massage ensemble and determineaverage length of encoded message also. Determine the coding efficiency. Use coding alphabet D=4.there are 10 symbols. X = [x1, x2, x3 x10] P[X] = [0.18,.0.17,0.16,0.15,0.1,0.08,0.05, 0.05,0.04,0.2] (16) UNIT- II DATA AND VOICE CODING PART- A (2 Marks) 1. Define Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 2. Give the basic operations performed in transmission and receiver of PCM system 3. List the basic elements of a PCM system. 4. Define Sampling 5. List two different types of quantization 6. List the different types of line codes 7. Give the block diagram of regenerative repeater 8. List the three basic functions performed by a regenerative repeater 9. What is Quantization? 10. Give the Noise Considerations in PCM Systems 11. Draw the transmitter & receiver block diagram of DPCM. 12. Define DPCM 13. Define processor gain produced by differential quantisation scheme KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 3
4 14. Define Quantization Noise 15. Define Delta Modulation 16. Draw the block diagram of delta modulation 17. Give the disadvantages of Delta modulation 18. Define Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (ADPCM) 19. Draw the block diagram Adaptive quantization with backward estimation (AQB). 20. Draw the block diagram Adaptive prediction with backward estimation (APB). 21. What are the considerations for Coding Speech at Low Bit Rates? 22..Give the purpose of equalizer. 23. Why does the regenerated signal depart from the original signal? 24. List the two major sources of noise which influence the performance of a PCM system 25. Differentiate PCM and DPCM. PART-B (16 marks) 1. (i) Compare and contrast DPCM and ADPCM (6) (ii) Define pitch, period and loudness (6) (iii) What is decibel? (2) (iv) What is the purpose of DFT? (2) 2. Explain delta modulation with examples (6) (i) Explain sub-band adaptive differential pulse code modulation (6) (ii) What will happen if speech is coded at low bit rates (4) 3. With the block diagram explain DPCM system. Compare DPCM with PCM & DM systems (16) 4. i. Explain DM systems with block diagram (8) ii Consider a sine wave of frequency f m and amplitude A m, which is applied to a delta modulator of step size.show that the slope overload distortion will occur if A m > / ( 2f m T s ) Where T s sampling. What is the maximum power that may be transmitted without slope overload distortion? (8) 5. Explain adaptive quantization and prediction with backward estimation in ADPCM system with block diagram (16) 6. (i) Explain delta modulation systems with block diagrams (8) (ii) What is slope overload distortion and granular noise and how it is overcome in adaptive delta modulation. (8) 7. What is modulation? Explain how the adaptive delta modulator works with different algorithms? Compare delta modulation with adaptive delta modulation. (16) 8. Explain pulse code modulation and differential pulse code modulation (16) 1. Define linear block codes. 2. Define Systematic codes UNIT- III ERROR CONTROL CODING PART- A (2 Marks) KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 4
5 3. Give the structure of Systematic code word 4. State the closure property of linear block codes 5. Write the two equations which are basic to description and operation of a linear block code 6. Define Repetition codes 7. What are the two codes words in repetition codes? 8. Define syndrome 9. List the properties of syndrome 10 What are the two different error methods? 11 Define code word. 12. Define block length. 13. Define channel rate. 14. Define the channel data rate. 15. Define Hamming distance. 16. Define minimum distance. 17. Define code efficiency. 18. Define Weight of code. 19. List the conditions satisfied by hamming codes. 20. List the steps in constructing linear block code. 21. List the steps involved in decoding linear block code. 22. When a binary code is said to be a cyclic code? 23. List the advantages of cyclic codes. 24. What is the disadvantage of cyclic codes? 25. Define convolutional coding. 26. Define constraint length. 27. List the advantages of convolutional codes. 28. List the disadvantages of convolutional codes. 29. List the approaches which give the properties of convolutional code. 30. What is the disadvantage of syndrome decoding? 31. List some error control coding techniques. 32. Give some examples for linear block codes. PART-B (16 marks) 1. Explain Linear Block Code? (16) 2. Explain cyclic code? (16) 3. Explain Convolutional codes? (16) 4. Write the procedures for designing an Encoder circuit? (16) 5. Write the procedures for designing a syndrome calculator circuit? (16) UNIT- IV ERROR COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES PART- A (2 Marks) 1. State the main application of Graphics Interchange Format(GIF) 2. Explain Run Length coding. 3. Why different encoding is carried out only for DC coefficient in JPEG? 4. What do you understand by GIF Interlaced node? 5. List the different types of media used in multimedia applications. 6. What is the need for compression? 7. List the principles behind compression. KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 5
6 8. Define entropy encoding. 9. Define DCT. 10. List the two types of statistical encoding methods which are used with text. 11. Define static coding. 12. Define dynamic coding. 13. Define static Huffman coding. 14. What is Huffman code tree? 15. Define statistical encoding. 16. Define source encoding. 17. Define differential encoding. 18. Define transform encoding 19. Define spatial frequency 20. Define dynamic Huffman coding. 21. What is the purpose of source encoders and destination decoders? 22. List the characteristics of lossy compression algorithm. 23. List the characteristics of loss less compression algorithm. PART-B (16 marks) 1. (i) Discuss the various stages in JPEG standard (9) (ii) Differentiate loss less and lossy compression technique and give one example for each (4) (iii) State the prefix property of Huffman code (3) 2 Write the following symbols and probabilities of occurrence, encode the Message went# using arithmetic coding algorithms. Compare arithmetic coding with Huffman coding principles (16) Symbols: e n t w # Prob : (a) Draw the JPEG encoder schematic and explain (10) (b) Assuming a quantization threshold value of 16, derive the resulting quantization error for each of the following DCT coefficients 127, 72, 64, 56,-56,-64,-72,-128. (6) 4. (i) Explain arithmetic coding with suitable example (12) (ii) Compare arithmetic coding algorithm with Huffman coding (4) 5. (i) Draw JPEG encoder block diagram and explain each block (14) (ii) Why DC and AC coefficients are encoded separately in JPEG (2) 6. a) Discuss in brief,the principles of compression (12) (b) in the context of compression for Text,Image,audio and Video which of the compression techniques discussed above are suitable and Why? (4) 7. (i) Investigate on the block preparation and quantization phases of JPEG compression process with diagrams wherever necessary (8) (ii) Elucidate on the GIFF and TIFF image compression formats (8) KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 6
7 UNIT- V AUDIO AND VIDEO CODING PART- A (2 Marks 1. What is basis of linear predictive coding? 2. List the features which determine the perception of a signal by the ear 3. Define pitch 4. What are voiced sounds? 5. What are unvoiced sounds? 6. Draw the schematic diagram of LPC signal encoder. 7. Draw the schematic diagram of LPC signal decoder. 8. Define CELP. 9. List the CELP based standard and their bit rates. 10. What is frequency masking? 11. What is temporal masking? 12. Define MPEG audio coders 13. What is scaling factor? 14. Give the example frame format of MPEG perceptual coder 15. List the video features in a number of multimedia applications. 16. Expand SQCIF 17. List the types of frames in video compression. 18. Define GOP. 19. What is prediction span? 20. What is the purpose of D-frame? 21. What is motion estimation and motion compensation? 22. Write short rotes on MPEG. 23. List the three MPEG standards which use different video resolution 24. Write short notes on MPEG Write short notes on MPEG What is a target frame? 27. What is reference frame? 28. Expand AFB, SFB, and SMR. 29. Expand SEE, SFB, PM, FF. 30. Expand SED, QB, and DQ. PART-B (16 marks) 1. (i) Explain the principles of perceptual coding (14) (ii) Why LPC is not suitable to encode music signal? (2) 2. (i) Explain the encoding procedure of I,P and B frames in video encoding with suitable diagrams. (14) (ii) What are the special features of MPEG -4 standards. (2) 3. Explain the Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) model of analysis and synthesis of speech signal. State the advantages of coding speech signal at low bit rates.(16) KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 7
8 4. Explain the encoding procedure of I,P and B frames in video compression techniques, State intended application of the following video coding standard MPEG -1, MPEG -2, MPEG -3, MPEG -4 (16) 5. (i) What are macro blocks and GOBs? (4) (ii) On what factors does the quantization threshold depend in H.261 standards?(3) (iii) Discuss the MPEG compression techniques (9) 6. (i) Discuss about the various Dolby audio coders (8) (ii) Discuss about any two audio coding techniques used in MPEG (8) 7. (a) Discuss in brief, the following audio coders: (i) MPEG audio coders (8) (ii) DOLPY audio coders (8) 8. (i) Explain the Motion estimation and Motion Compensation phases of P and B frame encoding process with diagrams wherever necessary. (12) (ii) Write a short note on the Macro Block format of H.261 compression standard.(4) KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNALKULAM 8
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