Multimedia Systems Speech I Mahdi Amiri February 2011 Sharif University of Technology
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1 Course Presentation Multimedia Systems Speech I Mahdi Amiri February 2011 Sharif University of Technology
2 Sound Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure which propagates through compressible media such as air or water. Digital Representation of an Analog Signal Sampling and Quantization Parameters: Sampling Rate (Samples per Second) Quantization Levels (Bits per Sample) This is a form of coding too: Basics Pulse-code modulation (PCM) Page 1
3 Why Call it PCM? 4-bit PCM Page 2
4 How to choose proper Sampling Rate 8 Khz? Quantization Level 8 bit/sample? Bit per Second (bit/s or bps) Bit per Second for 8000 Hz 8 bit PCM 64 kbit/s Page 3
5 Sampling Rate Human Hearing Frequency Range 20 Hz to 20 khz Play with Audacity tone generator to test your hearing Most people will find that their hearing is most sensitive around 1-4 khz and that it is less sensitive at high and low frequencies. Page 4
6 Hearing Range Ferret Check out Freq. Alloc. Table Porpoise Page 5
7 Sampling Rate Human Vocal Range Normal: 80 Hz to 1100 Hz Charles Kellogg (14 KHz) (not verified) Guinness Book of Records Female: Georgia Brown (Eight octaves, 25087Hz) Male: Tim Storms (Six octaves) Page 6
8 8,000 Hz - Telephone, adequate for human speech. 11,025 Hz lower quality PCM (one quarter the sampling rate of audio CDs). 22,050 Hz Radio. Common Sampling Rates 32,000 Hz - minidv digital video camcorder, DAT (LP mode). 44,100 Hz - Audio CD, also most commonly used with MPEG-1 audio (VCD, SVCD, MP3) (Originally chosen by Sony, 1979). 48,000 Hz - Digital sound used for minidv, digital TV, DVD, DAT, films and professional audio. 96,000 or 192,000 Hz - DVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and HD-DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks MHz - Super Audio CD (SACD), 1-bit sigma-delta modulation process known as Direct Stream Digital (DSD), co-developed by Sony and Philips MHz - Double-Rate DSD, 1-bit Direct Stream Digital at 2x the rate of the SACD. Used in some professional DSD recorders (128 * Hz). DXD - 24-bit sampled at khz, suited for editing, eq. with MHz 1-bit DSD Page 7
9 The trademark name used by Sony and Philips. Uses pulse-density modulation encoding Direct Stream Digital Page 8
10 Quantization, Images Page 9
11 Simple and popular Uniform Quantizer, Midtread midtread odd number of reconstruction levels Quantization error for bounded input Page 10
12 Simple and popular Uniform Quantizer, Midtrise midtrise even number of reconstruction levels Page 11
13 Quantization Levels Want to prevent human ear fatigue by minimizing quantization noise Signal-to-Noise Ratio = 6.02*B db SNR is approximately 6 db per bit. 16-bit => 96 db Above 36 db is required Page 12
14 n ˆ n n e x x e n 2 2 m X x n X m 2X B 2 Assumption: e n is uniform over (, ] 2 2 The probability density function of e[n] m 6 db per bit rule of thump Average power of a process or signal: x x : Mean x 2 2 p x dx x p x : Probability density function log 10 SNR B db x e : Variance m e e e p e de e de 2B B 2 2 db 10 log x m log10 2 B 10 log10 3 x Xm SNR B X X log 10 3 SNR B B X db x m Page 13
15 6 db per bit rule of thump log 10 3 SNR B B X db x m Example 1: SNR for Uniform Quantization of Uniformly-Distributed Input x X m 3 SNR B B Example 2: SNR for Uniform Quantization of Sinusoidal Input X 2 SNR B 6.02B x m db db Example 3: SNR for Uniform Quantization of Gaussian Input SNR B 6.02B x X m 16 db Page 14
16 Good to Know The average person cannot tell the difference between a bitrate above 192 kbit/s and the original CD/WAV. Even if your headphones seal really well around your ears, they will probably only give you about 20 to 25 db insulation from the external sound 20 ~ 25 db insulation Noise level for 192 kbps audio is under -125 db and certainly inaudible Page 15
17 Nonuniform Quantization Typical speech signal and its histogram (a) Uniform and (b) non-uniform quantization Q(x) and quantization error q(x) Page 16
18 u-law, a-law Nonuniform quantizers: Difficult to make, Expensive. Solution: Companding Uniform Q. Expanding Page 17
19 u-law, a-law Page 18
20 u-law, a-law u-law North America and Japan a-law Europe Page 19
21 Differential PCM (DPCM) Idea Take advantage of data redundancy [ ] [ ] Page 20
22 Differential PCM (DPCM) Basic Scheme General Predictive Coding Delta Modulation (DM): ai x n i 1 z Problem? Page 21
23 Differential PCM (DPCM) Better Structure Page 22
24 Multimedia Systems Speech I Thank You Next Session: Speech II FIND OUT MORE AT Page 23
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