Getting Started with Selenium Test Automation

Transcription

1 Getting Started with Selenium Test Automation Presented By: Chris Lawson

2 Student Resources Password: TestSelenium

3 Course Objec1ves Ø What Selenium is and how it can be used in real world scenarios Ø Essential object-oriented programming constructs necessary for developing basic automated tests Ø Core Selenium methods and syntax for programmatically controlling browsers

4 Course Objec1ves Ø Challenges of automated Web testing and approaches for overcoming them Ø Key development strategies for creating maintainable automated tests Ø Integrating additional open-source tools to enhance automated testing process Ø Basic automation framework concepts and design considerations

5 Test Automa1on Tools can extend or enhance or enable fabulous testing. But by accelerating some action, tools can enable us to do bad testing faster than ever...

6 What is Selenium Ø Powerful, open-source suite of tools for automating web browsers Rich set of testing functions specifically geared to the needs of testing web applications Numerous operations for comparing expected test results against actual application behavior Many options for locating and identifying web elements Ø Core technology in countless other browser automation tools, API's, and Frameworks

7 Why Selenium? Ø It's free Ø It continually evolves and grows Ø There are different ways to develop and run tests Ø Tests can be translated to different programming languages i.e. Java, Ruby, Perl, Python, C#

8 Main Selenium Tools IDE Firefox add-on that makes it easy to record and playback tests WebDriver Grid Allows for programmatic browser control (API) Runs tests on many servers at the same time, cutting down on the time it takes to test multiple browsers or operating systems

9 What is Selenium IDE? Ø Integrated development environment for selenium tests Ø Quick and easy record and playback automation tool Ø Script editing and debugging tool Ø Implemented as a Firefox plugin

10 Installa1on Ø Using Firefox browser, navigate to download/ Ø Click the link for the latest release of Selenium IDE Ø Click Allow in the Firefox popup Ø Click Install Now in the Firefox popup Ø Restart Firefox Ø Press Ctrl+Alt+S to launch Selenium IDE

11 Selenium IDE Replay Toolbar Start and Stop Recording Selenese Script Editor Run Log

12 Selenese Ø Ø Selenese is the common name given to the set of Selenium commands available for tests There are 3 flavors of Selenese commands: l l l Actions manipulate state (e.g. click ) Accessors examine and store state (e.g. store ) Assertions verify state (e.g. asserttitle )

13 Ac1on Commands Ø Action commands manipulate the state of the application. Some examples include: l l l open navigates to the specified URL click simulates a mouse click on an element type enters text into an element, such as a text box Ø Many action commands can be used with the AndWait suffix, which instructs the browser to wait for the page to load before continuing. For example: l clickandwait will click an element and then wait for the page to load before executing the next command

14 Accessor Commands Ø Accessor commands examine the state of the application and store the result as a variable. For example: l storetext saves the text of an element as a variable Ø Accessors are useful for storing current application state for later use in verifications The total could be stored as a variable for later use in verifications on checkout pages

15 Asser1on Commands Ø Assertions verify the state of the application. For example: l l verifytext - verifies that an elements text matches the provided pattern assertelementpresent verifies that the specified element is present somewhere on the page Ø There are 3 types of assertions: l l l asserts will stop execution of the script upon failure verifications will fail the test, but continue execution waitfor will wait for some condition to be true before proceeding

16 Selenese Verify and Assert

17 Using the Script Editor ** Use of these parameters varies; this example demonstrates the most common usage. Select a line to edit or add Select a Selenese command Identify the target element** Value to be verified or entered**

18 Sec1on Ques1ons & Exercises 1. Download and install Selenium IDE from 2. Record your first Selenium IDE test 3. Did your automated test playback successfully? 4. What challenges did you encounter?

19 Selenium IDE Limita1ons Ø Can only run tests on Firefox Ø No programming logic can be applied (i.e. loops, conditional statements) Ø Difficult to create complex tests where verifying dynamic content is necessary

20 Conver1ng IDE Scripts Ø Convert script into language of choice Ø Enhancing the script will require an IDE such as Eclipse or NetBeans

21 Eclipse IDE Basics

22 Eclipse

23 What is Eclipse? Ø Eclipse started as a proprietary IBM product (IBM Visual age for Smalltalk/Java) Embracing the open source model IBM opened the product up Ø Open Source It is a general purpose open platform that facilitates and encourages the development of third party plug-ins Ø Best known as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Provides tools for coding, building, running and debugging applications Ø Originally designed for Java, now supports many other languages Good support for C, C++ Python, PHP, Ruby, etc

24 GeKng Started with Eclipse Ø Download and install latest Java SE JDK 8 version>> Run the installer Ø Download the latest version of Eclipse version>> Unzip to the desired directory and run the executable

25 GeKng Started with Eclipse Ø Import JDK Select Window > Preferences (or Eclipse > Preferences on Mac) in the menu bar In the Preferences window, select Java > Installed JREs If a JDK 1.8 is not in the list, click Search and in the popup select the directory where your JDK is installed and click OK. Click the checkbox next to the JDK 1.8 and click OK.

26 GeKng Started with Eclipse Ø Installing and configuring plug-ins Open Eclipse Marketplace by selecting Help > Eclipse Marketplace in the menu bar Install the TestNG for Eclipse plugin If project is not recognized as Maven Project in Eclipse (small M in the corner of project) àright click on the project in the Project Explorer window and select Configure > Convert to Maven Project Right click on the project folder and select Maven > Update Project and in the Update Maven Project window select the project from the list and click OK.

27 Eclipse Workspace Ø All of your code will live under a workspace Ø A workspace is nothing more than a location to store source code and where Eclipse will write out our preferences Ø Eclipse allows you to have multiple workspaces each tailored in its own way Ø You choose a location where you want to store your files

28 Eclipse IDE Components

29 Crea1ng a New Project Ø All code in Eclipse lives under a project Ø To create a project: File New Java Project

30 Crea1ng a New Project Ø Enter project name and click Finish

31 Crea1ng a New Project Ø The newly created project will appear under the Package Explorer

32 Folder Structure Ø Eclipse automatically creates a folder to store your source code in called src

33 Crea1ng a Class Ø To create a class, click on the New button, then select Class

34 Crea1ng a Class Ø Fill in necessary information for new Java class and click Finish to continue

35 Class Created

36 Example Compile Error Ø Ø Eclipse automatically compiles code in the background This means that errors can be corrected when made

37 Example Compile Error Ø When clicking on the light bulb icon, Eclipse suggests changing printn to either print or println

38 Running Code Ø Right click on class to see Run As options

39 Running Code Ø The output of running code is displayed in the Console tab in the bottom pane

40 Debugging Code Ø Ø Set break points in the code by double clicking in the left margin Breakpoints are represented by blue bubbles

41 Context Assist Ø Eclipse will display a list of available methods for the class when you press dot character (. ) and pause a second

42 Sec1on Ques1ons & Exercises 1. Download and install Eclipse IDE 2. Create a Java project 3. What challenges did you encounter?

43 Basic Object Oriented Concepts

44 Classes Describe Objects Ø Every object belongs to (is an instance of) a class Ø An object may have fields, or variables The class describes those fields Ø An object may have methods The class describes those methods Ø A class is like a template, or cookie cutter, for objects

45 Inheritance Object-oriented programming allows subclasses to inherit fields, methods, and nested classes from its superclass. The importance of inheritance is to reduce duplicate code. subclass superclass subclass

46 Inheritance Methods that are within the superclass can be used or overwritten by the subclasses

47 Inheritance Java Example

48 Intro to Java

49 Java Anatomy Reserved Words Packages Comments Statements Blocks Classes Types Modifiers Methods Variables Constructors The main method Annotations

50 Reserved Words Ø Reserved words, or keywords, are words that have a specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for other purposes, such as variable or method names. Ø For example, when the compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word after class is the name for the class. Other examples of reserved words are public, static, and void. public Object class = new Object(); reserved words cannot be used as names

51 Comments Ø In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) in a line, or enclosed between /* and */ in one or multiple lines Ø When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after // in the same line Ø When it sees /*, it scans for the next */ and ignores any text between /* and */

52 Packages Ø A Java package is a mechanism for organizing Java classes into namespaces similar to modules. Ø Java packages can be stored in compressed files called JAR files, allowing classes to download faster as a group rather than one at a time Ø Conceptually you can think of packages as being similar to different folders on your computer

53 Classes The class is the essential Java construct All Java code resides inside of classes Classes can be thought of as templates or blueprints for objects Classes define a representation of object state (through fields) and object behavior (through methods)

54 Declaring A Class Ø A class declaration includes: Java class keyword Class name Access Modifier (optional) Body

55 Statements Ø A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions Ø The statement: System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ); Ø Displays the greeting "Welcome to Java! Ø Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;) The semicolon acts as a terminator

56 Blocks A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups components of a program public class Test { public static void main(string[] args) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } } Method block Class block

57 Types There are two categories of types in java: Ø Primitives These are part of the Java language, and are not formed by a class. Java supports 8 primitive types: int, byte, short, long, float, double, boolean, and char. The primitive types are reserved words in Java. Ø Objects These are all other data types, and are created from a class. Notice that String is an object in Java, not a primitive.

58 Modifiers Ø Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that specify the properties of the data, methods, and classes and how they can be used Ø Examples of modifiers are public and static Ø Other modifiers are private, final, abstract, and protected

59 Methods Q: What is a method? A: A method is a collection of statements that are grouped together, and can be executed using a single command. Methods may accept input values or supply output values. Q: Why are methods useful? A: Methods make operations easily reusable, no matter how complex they are. They allow users to perform these operations, even without being concerned with how they are performed.

60 Methods Q: What is a return type? A: A method has the option of returning a value to the code that calls it. The return type is specified in the method declaration. If no value is returned, the method is declared with a return type of void. The return keyword is used in the method body to return a value.

61 Declaring A Method Ø A method declaration includes: Access Modifier Non-Access Modifiers (optional) Return type Method Name Parameters (as required) Body

62 Declaring a Variable Ø A variable declaration can include: Access Modifier Non-Access Modifiers (optional) Type Name Value

63 Main Method Ø The main method provides the control of program flow Ø The Java interpreter executes the application by invoking the main method Ø The main method looks like this: public static void main(string[] args){ System.out.println( Your application is running! ); }

64 Operators Ø Basic Mathematical Operators +, -, *, and / add, subtract, multiply, and divide Ø Assignment Operators = Sets variable to value (Note: this is not the same as == on next slide) +=, -=, *=, /= perform mathematical operation on a variable, and then set the variable to the resulting value. Example: int x = 10; x += 5; The value of x is now 15.

65 Operators Ø Comparative Operators == compares two values for equality (Note: this is not the same as =)!= compares two values for inequality > greater than < less than >= greater than or equal <= less than or equal

66 Logical Constructs Branching Logic If Else if (x == 1) { System.out.println( x equals 1 ); } else if (x == 2) { System.out.println( x equals 2 ); } else { System.out.println( x does not equal 1 or 2 ); }

67 Annota1ons Ø Annotations are a feature of Java that are useful for: Providing information to the compiler Compile-time processing Runtime processing Ø Annotations are metadata, and have no direct effect on the code they annotate. Ø Annotations can apply to classes, fields, and/or methods. Ø An annotation is preceded by character.

68 Key Web Concepts

69 HTML Ø Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the markup language used to place content on webpages Ø An HTML document is made up of HTML elements, which are written as tags Ø Most tags include an opening and a closing tag with text in between the two. For example: <p>this text is displayed by the browser</p>

70 HTML Ø Elements can also have attributes that provide additional information, such as the destination of a link which is defined by the href attribute: <a href= >Click Me!<a/> Ø The tags and attributes themselves are called markup, and are not displayed as text by the browser Ø Only text between the tags and images defined by particular tags/ attributes are displayed

71 DOM Ø The Document Object Model (DOM) is a convention for representing and interacting with objects in a markup document (such as HTML or XML) Ø A defining characteristic of DOM is the tree-like structure of elements, where elements are nested within other elements <html> <head> <title>dom Example</title> </head> <body> <div> <ul id= navigation > <li class= opt > <a>option 1</a> </li> <li class= opt > <a>option 2</a> </li> <li class= opt > <a>option 1</a> </li> </ul> </div> </body> </html>

72 Java Script Ø JavaScript is a programming language used primarily for browser scripting. Ø It has many uses in web applications, including reacting to user input, asynchronous communication with the server, and altering the display of a page. Ø JavaScript can interact with an HTML document to create dynamic effects.

73 AJAX Ø Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a group of technologies and techniques used to create asynchronous web applications. Ø Despite the name, AJAX does not necessarily consist of JavaScript or XML. For example, JSON is a popular substitute for XML. Ø While a technical discussion of AJAX is beyond the scope of this course, it is important to be aware of its use when attempting to automate a web application, as it presents a unique set of challenges to properly synchronizing the test script with the AUT.

74 Unit Testing Frameworks

75 TestNG Ø TestNG is an open-source testing framework for Java Ø Benefits of TestNG include: Simplifies running of tests and test suites Simplifies setup and cleanup Includes easy to use reporting tool Easy to use and integrate into existing code

76 TestNG Annota1ons Ø TestNG is implemented as a set of Java annotations. The most commonly used of these annotations a test a setup method to run before the test a setup method to run before each a cleanup method to run after each a cleanup method to run after the test class Ø Include the annotations in the code just before the method declaration. For public void testaccountregistration() { //method body goes here }

77 TestNG Reporter The TestNG reporter runs inside the IDE. It includes an easy to understand, color coded report that includes information about the run.

78 TestNG Asser1ons Ø Assertions are used to verify the state of some facet of the AUT. For example, you might want to verify that a specific element exists or contains specific text. Ø TestNG provides several commonly used assertions, including: asserttrue evaluates a boolean condition asserttrue(somestring.equals( Hello )); assertequals evaluates two parameters for equality assertequals(somestring, Hello );

79 TestNG Asser1ons Ø Assertions are used to verify the state of some facet of the AUT. For example, you might want to verify that a specific element exists or contains specific text. Ø TestNG provides several commonly used assertions, including: asserttrue evaluates a boolean condition asserttrue(somestring.equals( Hello )); assertequals evaluates two parameters for equality assertequals(somestring, Hello );

80 POM XML Dependencies <version>1.0</version> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupid>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupid> <artifactid>selenium-java</artifactid> <version>2.53.1</version> </dependency> </dependencies>

81 POM XML Dependencies <dependency> <groupid>org.testng</groupid> <artifactid>testng</artifactid> <version>6.9.6</version> </dependency>

82 Group Discussion Q: What role does WebDriver play in a complete automation framework? A: WebDriver is used to control the web browser. Other tools will be necessary for reporting, data access, test flow, etc.

83 Selenium WebDriver

84 Selenium WebDriver What it is... Robust web objectbased API Successor to Selenium RC What it does best... Create robust, browserbased regression automation Scale and distribute scripts across many environments

85 WebDriver - API Selenium-WebDriver supports the following browsers along with the operating systems these browsers are compatible with: - Google Chrome - Internet Explorer - Firefox - Safari - Opera - HtmlUnit - phantomjs - Android (with Selendroid or appium) - ios (with ios-driver or appium)

86 Launching a Browser Selenium WebDriver makes direct calls to the browser using each browser s native support for automation Launching a browser is as easy as instantiating a WebDriver implementation //Launch a FireFox browser window WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); //Launch a Chrome browser window WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); //Launch an Internet Explorer browser window WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

87 Fetching a Page The first thing you re likely to want to do with WebDriver is navigate to a page The standard way of doing this is by calling the get method driver.get("

88 Browser Naviga1on WebDriver allows you to interact with the browser s navigation controls directly. The Navigation class is accessed with the navigate() method: driver.navigate().back(); driver.navigate().forward(); driver.navigate().refresh(); driver.navigate().to(string url);

89 Other Browser Interac1ons Ø Get the title of the current page driver.gettitle(); Ø Get the current URL driver.getcurrenturl Ø Inject JavaScript //cast driver to a JavaScriptExecutor JavaScriptExecutor jsx = ((JavaScriptExecutor) driver; // execute script with JavaScriptExecutor jsx.executescript( window.alert( Hello! ) );

90 WebDriver Exercise 1 Write a script that: 1. Launches a Firefox browser window 2. Navigates to 3. Gets the page title 4. Verifies that it is on the correct page

91 Elements The WebElement class represents a DOM element, and includes methods representing the various user interactions with that element. WebElement searchbar = findelement(by.id( gbqfq )

92 Loca1ng Elements Ø Before interacting with page elements, they must be located in the DOM using the findelement methods Ø findelement requires a single By parameter returns a single WebElement if multiple matches exist, returns the first match if no matches exist, throws NoSuchElementException Ø findelements requires a single By parameter returns a list of WebElements if no matches are found, returns an empty list

93 Loca1ng Elements Ø findelement and findelements are methods of both WebDriver and WebElement Ø WebDriver methods search the entire DOM for the desired element(s) Ø WebElement methods search within the context of the current element usually used to find child element(s)

94 By Strategies - ID <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By ID Find elements using the HTML id attribute This (along with name ) is the preferred way of locating elements Beware of non-unique and dynamic IDs when using this strategy

95 By Strategies - Name <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By Name Find input elements using the HTML name attribute This (along with id ) is the preferred way of locating elements

96 By Strategies Class Name <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By Class Name Find input elements using the HTML class attribute Class attributes are much less likely to be unique than ids and names If multiple elements have the same class attribute, findelement will return the first instance, and findelements will return all instances

97 By Strategies Tag Name <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By Tag Name Find elements by their tag name in the DOM Tag names will rarely be unique, but this strategy can be helpful for gathering an iterable list of a certain type of tag

98 By Strategies Link Text <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By Link Text Find the link element with matching visible text This strategy is only useful for finding links (i.e. <a> tags) Beware: an element s link text is often more likely to change than the other locator types

99 By Strategies Par1al Text <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> Ø By Partial Link Text Find the link element with partial matching visible text This strategy is only useful for finding links (i.e. <a> tags) A partial link text locator is less likely to change than using the full link text

100 By Strategies CSS Ø By CSS uses CSS selectors to precisely locate elements this strategy allows for more precision than the previous ones, but is slower to execute Ø Common CSS syntax: tag names in plain text Id attributes preceded by # Class attributes preceded by. Nested elements are separated by a space

101 By Strategies Xpath Ø By Xpath Xpath is a language used for selecting elements from a DOM structure Xpath is the most precise locator strategy, but also the slowest to execute WebDriver uses a browser s native Xpath capabilities wherever possible For browsers that don t have native Xpath support, Selenium provides its own implementation, which can lead to some unexpected behavior unless you are aware of the differences in the various Xpath engines

102 Locator Examples <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body> By.id By.name By.className By.tagName By.linkText By.partialLinkText WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.id( searchbtn )); WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.name( searchbar )); WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.classname( search )); WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.tagname( a )); WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.linktext( Show Now )); WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.partiallinktext( Shop ));

103 Locator Examples <body> <div id= navigation class= navbar name= top-nav-bar > <a id= searchbtn class= search name= searchbar > Shop Now </a> </ul> </body>

104 Interac1ng with Page Elements WebElement methods: Ø click mouse clicks on the selected element Ø gettext returns the text present in the element Ø sendkeys enters text into a text input element Ø clear if element accepts text input, clears the value Ø getattribute returns the value of an HTML attribute Ø getcssvalue returns the value a CSS property for the element Ø isdisplayed returns a Boolean stating whether or not the element is displayed Ø isselected returns a Boolean stating whether or not the element is selected; must be an input element, such as a checkbox or radio btn Ø getlocation returns the point of the top left corner of the element

105 Code Example // Find the search bar WebElement searchbar = driver.findelement(by.id( search )); // Click on the search bar searchbar.click(); // Clear current text from search bar searchbar.clear(); // Enter text into the search bar searchbar.sendkeys( Selenium WebDriver ); // Submit the search using the Enter key searchbar.sendkeys(keys.enter);

106 Select Elements Ø WebDriver s Select class models an HTML <select> tag, and facilitates interaction with them. Ø Example: WebElement states = driver.findelement(by.id( Sstate_Option )); Select statedropdown = new Select(states); statedropdown.selectbyvisibletext( ALASKA ); statedropdown.selectbyvalue( AK ); statedropdown.selectbyindex( 3 );

107 WebDriver Exercise 2 Write a script that: 1. Launches a Firefox browser window 2. Navigates to 3. Click Coming April 18-22, 2016 to Downtown Chicago! link 4. Click Visit Quest 2017 link 5. Verifies that the user is taken to Quest 2017 page

108 Real-World Selenium Ø Works really well with standard HTML/DOM structure Ø Embedded processing using JavaScript and AJAX is tricky but still doable Ø Doesn't work with enterprise solutions like Siebel or SAP Web due to custom embedded objects Ø Will not work with client-server applications such as SAP GUI since it is web-only automation tool

109 Common Challenges Ø The most common challenges with Selenium WebDriver involve testing dynamic content implemented with technologies such as JavaScript and AJAX. Ø At a high level, the challenge is basically keeping the script informed of state changes in the AUT. Among the most common scenarios faced are: Synchronization problems Stale elements

110 Synchroniza1on Ø Synchronization problems occur when the test script is anticipating changes in the AUT that have not occurred or have not completed. Ø WebDriver provides several mechanisms for dealing with synchronization problems: Implicit Waits Explicit Waits

111 Implicit Waits An implicit wait instructs the WebDriver to wait for up to the specified amount of time for an element to be available, if it is not immediately available. Implicit waits are an ideal solution for handling page load delays. An implicit wait is a setting of the WebDriver instance, and it remains in place for the life of the driver, or until it is explicitly removed. // Add an implicit wait to the driver driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlywait( 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // Remove the implicit wait driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlywait( 0, TimeUnit.SECONDS

112 Explicit Waits Explicit waits define a specific condition that should occur before WebDriver continues to execute the script. The until method accepts an ExpectedConditions argument, which is a set of convenient implementations of some of the most common synchronization conditions in browser automation. // Create a new wait that will wait up to 10 seconds WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10); // Specify the condition the driver should wait for WebElement element = wait.until(expectedconditions.elementtobeclickable(by.name( myelement )));

113 Best Prac1ces for Using Waits Ø Configure the driver to use an implicit wait; this will catch a lot of synchronization issues. Ø For synchronization problems that are not solved by an implicit wait, use an explicit wait. Ø Zero-out the implicit wait before using an explicit wait. Otherwise, both waits will be polling the DOM and performance can be severely impacted. Ø Set the implicit wait to the shortest effective timeout, and use explicit waits for longer delays. Just a few seconds can make a big difference on suite run times.

114 Stale Elements A StaleElementException is thrown when the DOM has changed and the WebDriver tries to access an element that has been updated or removed using an invalid reference Stale elements are often caused by asynchronous processes. For example, by using JavaScript an element might be removed from the DOM and replaced by a nearly identical element.

115 Dealing with Stale Elements Tip #1: Store locators, not elements Suppose we store a reference to an element: WebElement element = driver.findelement(by.id( someid )); And some time later, we try to interact with that element: element.click(); If the element has changed, then we will get a StaleElementException. If we instead store a locator: WebElement element() { return driver.findelement(by.id( someid )); } Then we will be updating the reference to the element each time we interact with it, avoiding many stale elements: getelement().click();

116 Dealing with Stale Elements Tip #2: Use JavaScript Injection Consider the following line of code: driver.findelement(by.id( someid )).click(); As far as the JVM is concerned, this is not a single action, but several. Some webpages update elements often and rapidly enough that the element could become stale between the execution of these actions. In this case, try using JavaScript Injection: ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript( document.findelementbyid( someid ).click); The browser will execute this as a single command.

117 Page Object Pattern

118 Group Discussion Q: What potential challenges do you see with the linear approach to writing test scripts? A: Test suite could become difficult to maintain Adding additional scripts is slow and requires duplication of code If an element or process changes, all references to the element or process must be updated

119 What are Page Objects? A design pattern that models a web application based on its pages and/ or sections of pages. Ø Allow for reusability of elements Ø Establish a single point of maintenance Ø Provide an intuitive organizational model

120 Page Object Example class Tests { } public void test() { login( Bob, password1 ); search( shoes );... } } class AccountLoginPage { private WebElement usernamebox; private WebElement passwordbox; private WebElement submitbutton; public void login(string username, String password) { usernamebox.sendkeys(username); passwordbox.sendkeys(password); submitbutton.click(); }

121 Page Object Example class Tests { void test() { } login( Bob, password1 ); search( shoes );... } } class AccountLoginPage { private WebElement usernamebox; private WebElement passwordbox; private WebElement submitbutton; private WebElement agreecheckbox; public void login(string username, String password) { usernamebox.sendkeys(username); passwordbox.sendkeys(password); agreecheckbox.click(); submitbutton.click(); } Test does not change

122 Page Object Pa]ern Benefits Ø Keep all the WebDriver interactions in one place Ø Adds a layer of abstraction between WebDriver implementation and website/application functionality Ø When underlying source of pages change, updates only need to be made in one place Ø Allows script writers to focus on tests, not on details of WebDriver interactions

123 Page Object Example

124 Automation Frameworks

125 Test Automa1on Considera1ons Ø Technical implementation plan and approach Page object Keyword Ø Technical skills of resources Ø Short term versus long range goals Ø Test data strategy

126 Test Automa1on Considera1ons Ø Agile versus waterfall methodology Release frequency Ø Test environment(s) Ø Maturity level of application under test Ø Levels of testing

127 Test Automa1on Frameworks 1. Linear (Record/Playback) 2. Modular 3. Data Driven 4. Keyword Driven 5. Behavior Driven 6. Hybrid

128 Hybrid Framework Example

129 Automa1on ROI Ø Test automation is an investment in time and money Ø The investment is justified by identifying the potential return-oninvestment (ROI), a ratio of benefits to costs Ø There are several approaches for calculating ROI: Simple ROI Calculation Percentage calculated in terms of the monetary savings that test automation provides Efficiency ROI Calculation Examines test automation benefits in terms of time that is saved on certain portions of the testing effort Risk Reduction ROI Calculation Percentage calculated in terms of the increased quality that results from the increased test coverage provided test automation

130 PuKng it all together 1. Design a simple modular automation framework for qaiquest.org 2. Stub out framework classes/methods needed to facilitate existing linear tests 3. Execute tests using framework concept 4. What obstacles did you have to overcome?

131 Resources seleniumhq.org wikipedia.org developsense.com automatedtestinginstitute.com code.google.com msdn.com w3schools.com w3.abcd.harvard.edu

132 Automated Web Testing with Selenium Training Workshop Copyright 2016 by Zenergy Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed without the express prior written permission of Zenergy Technologies, Inc. For permission, contact If you have comments or questions regarding this document please send them via to: Zenergy Technologies, Inc. 306 Pomona Dr., Suite F Greensboro, North Carolina Telephone: Fax: