Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images
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1 DIGITAL FORENSIC RESEARCH CONFERENCE Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images By Tu-Thach Quach Presented At The Digital Forensic Research Conference DFRWS 2014 USA Denver, CO (Aug 3 rd - 6 th ) DFRWS is dedicated to the sharing of knowledge and ideas about digital forensics research. Ever since it organized the first open workshop devoted to digital forensics in 2001, DFRWS continues to bring academics and practitioners together in an informal environment. As a non-profit, volunteer organization, DFRWS sponsors technical working groups, annual conferences and challenges to help drive the direction of research and development.
2 Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images Tu-Thach Quach Sandia National Laboratories DFRWS 2014 August 4, 2014 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation,a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
3 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
4 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
5 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
6 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
7 Simple LSB Steganography 0 1 T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
8 Simple LSB Steganography 0 1 T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
9 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
10 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
11 Simple LSB Steganography T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
12 Simple LSB Steganography Distortion not distributed over image T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
13 Simple LSB Steganography Distortion not distributed over image Message can be extracted T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 2
14 Simple LSB Steganography Use embedding key to distribute payload over image T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 3
15 Simple LSB Steganography Use embedding key to distribute payload over image Message can be extracted if embedding key is known (shared by sender and receiver) T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 3
16 Group-Parity Steganography Use k pixels to embed a single bit First bit: 0 = mod 2 T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 4
17 Matrix Embedding Use k pixels to embed q bits Change at most 1 pixel in each group T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 5
18 Forensic Goal Extract hidden messages T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 6
19 Forensic Goal Extract hidden messages Approaches: Embedding key search T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 6
20 Forensic Goal Extract hidden messages Approaches: Embedding key search Payload location T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 6
21 Scenario T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 7
22 Scenario C:\Photos ImageA.tif ImageB.tif... ImageZ.tif T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 7
23 Scenario C:\Photos ImageA.tif ImageB.tif C:\Stego ImageA.tif ImageB.tif ImageZ.tif ImageX.tif T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 7
24 Residuals Cover image: c =(c 1,...,c n ) Stego image: s =(s 1,...,s n ) T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 8
25 Residuals Cover image: c =(c 1,...,c n ) Stego image: s =(s 1,...,s n ) Residual r i is r i = c i s i. T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 8
26 Payload Location: Simple LSB T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 9
27 Payload Location: Simple LSB On average: log 2 m images to locate payload. Quach, T.-T., Optimal Cover Estimation Methods and Steganographic Payload Location, IEEE Trans. Info. Forensics and Security, T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 9
28 Payload Location: Group-Parity T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 10
29 Payload Location: Group-Parity T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 10
30 Payload Location: Group-Parity T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 10
31 Payload Location: Group-Parity On average: 8k 2 log(km) imagestolocatepayload. Quach, T.-T., Locating Payload Embedded by Group-Parity Steganography, Digital Investigation, T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 10
32 Payload Location No logical information to arrange located payload T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 11
33 Payload Location No logical information to arrange located payload Observation: Residuals provide logical information if payload size is not fixed T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 11
34 Logical Information T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
35 Logical Information T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
36 Logical Information T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
37 Logical Information Payload pixels: 2, 4, 9 T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
38 Logical Information Payload pixels: 2, 4, 9 r 4 > r 2 > r 9 T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
39 Logical Information Payload pixels: 2, 4, 9 r 4 > r 2 > r 9 Order located payload in descending mean residuals to obtain message T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 12
40 Logical Information If payload size varies from 1 through m: E[R i ] > E[R j ] for all logical payload pixels i, j where i < j. T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 13
41 Logical Information If payload size varies from 1 through m: E[R i ] > E[R j ] for all logical payload pixels i, j where i < j. If payload size is uniformly distributed: E[R i ]= m +1 i 2m. T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 13
42 No Cover Images What if C:\Photos deleted? T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 14
43 No Cover Images What if C:\Photos deleted? Approach: Estimate cover images T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 14
44 Experiments Image set: BOSSbase 9074 grayscale images Embedding algorithms: simple LSB and group-parity steganography Payload size: between 1 and 32 (uniformly distributed) Metric: Minimum edit distance Cover estimator: Markov random field T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 15
45 Known Cover: Simple LSB Residuals Mean residual Logical payload pixel T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 16
46 Known Cover: Group-Parity Residuals Group mean residual Logical payload group T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 17
47 Known Cover: Minimum Edit Distance Images Simple LSB Group-Parity T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 18
48 Unknown Cover: Simple LSBR Residuals Mean residual Logical payload pixel T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 19
49 Unknown Cover: Minimum Edit Distance Images Replacement Matching T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 20
50 Conclusions Exposes vulnerability in block-based embedding algorithms Many challenges in practice May improve with advances in cover estimation Image collection may contain several embedding keys T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 21
51 Thank You T.-T. Quach Extracting Hidden Messages in Steganographic Images 22
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