Software Security Design Principles + Intro to Crypto
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1 CSE 484 (Winter 2011) Software Security Design Principles + Intro to Crypto Tadayoshi Kohno Thanks to Dan Boneh, Dieter Gollmann, John Manferdelli, John Mitchell, Vitaly Shmatikov, Bennet Yee, and many others for sample slides and materials...
2 Lab 1 Deadline extended to Feb 2 (Wednesday)
3 Goals for Today Defensive Approaches Cryptography Overview
4 Principles Check inputs
5 Principles Least privilege
6 Principles Check all return values
7 Principles Securely clear memory (passwords, keys, etc)
8 Principles Failsafe defaults
9 Principles Defense in Depth Also Prevent Detect Deter
10
11 Principles Reduce size of TCB Simplicity Modularity
12 Vulnerability Analysis and Disclosure What do you do if you ve found a security problem in a real system? Say A commercial website? UW grade database? iphone? Boeing 787?
13 Cryptography and Security Art and science of protecting our information. Keeping it private, if we want privacy Protecting its integrity, if we want to avoid forgeries. Images from Wikipedia and Barnes and Noble
14 Some thoughts about cryptography Cryptography only one small piece of a larger system Must protect entire system Physical security Operating system security Network security Users Cryptography (following slides) Security only as strong as the weakest link Need to secure weak links But not always clear what the weakest link is (different adversaries and resources, different adversarial goals) Crypto failures may not be (immediately) detected Cryptography helps after you ve identified your threat model and goals
15 Improved security, increased risk RFIDs in car keys: RFIDs in car keys make it harder to hotwire a car Result: Car jackings increased
16 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) This is the key pad on my office safe. Inside my safe is a copy of final exam. How long would it take a you to break in? Answer (combinatorics): 10 4 tries maximum / 2 tries on average. Answer (unit conversion): 3 seconds per try --> 4 hours and 10 minutes on average Image from profmason.com
17 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) Now assume the safe automatically calls police after 3 failed attempts. What is the probability that you will guess the PIN within 3 tries? (Assume no repeat tries.) Image from profmason.com Answer (combinatorics): choose 3 possible choices for the 3 guesses 1 (9999 choose 2) possible choices contain the correct PIN So success probability is 3 / 10000
18 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) Could you do better at guessing the PIN? Answer (chemical combinatorics): Put different chemical on each key (NaCl, KCl, LiCl,...) Image from profmason.com Idea from
19 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) Could you do better at guessing the PIN? Answer (chemical combinatorics): Put different chemical on each key (NaCl, KCl, LiCl,...) Observe residual patterns after I access safe Image from profmason.com Idea from
20 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) Could you do better at guessing the PIN? Answer (chemical combinatorics): Put different chemical on each key (NaCl, KCl, LiCl,...) Observe residual patterns after I access safe Image from profmason.com Idea from
21 Key Entry Pad (4-digit PIN) Could you do better at guessing the PIN? Image from profmason.com Answer (chemical combinatorics): Put different chemical on each key (NaCl, KCl, LiCl,...) Observe residual patterns after I access safe Lesson: Consider the complete system, physical security, etc Lesson: Think outside the box Idea from
22 Images from Thermal Patterns
23 Common Communication Security Goals Privacy of data Prevent exposure of information Integrity of data Prevent modification of information $100,000 passwd = foobar ; transfer $100 Bob Adversary Alice
24 Symmetric Setting Both communicating parties have access to a shared random string K, called the key. M Encapsulate Decapsulate M Alice K K K Adversary Bob K
25 Asymmetric Setting Each party creates a public key pk and a secret key sk. M Encapsulate Decapsulate M Alice pka,ska pkb pkb,ska pka,skb Bob pka pkb,skb Adversary
26 Achieving Privacy (Symmetric) Encryption schemes: A tool for protecting privacy. M Encrypt C Decrypt M K K Alice K Message Ciphertext M C Adversary Bob K
27 Achieving Privacy (Asymmetric) Encryption schemes: A tool for protecting privacy. M Encrypt C Decrypt M Alice pkb pkb pka,ska Message Ciphertext M C skb Adversary Bob pka pkb,skb
28 Achieving Integrity (Symmetric) Message authentication schemes: A tool for protecting integrity. (Also called message authentication codes or MACs.) M MAC T (M,T) Verify valid/ invalid K K Alice K Message M Tag T Adversary Bob K
29 Achieving Integrity (Asymmetric) Digital signature schemes: A tool for protecting integrity and authenticity. M Sign T (M,T) Verify valid/ invalid Alice ska pkb pka,ska Message M Tag T pka Adversary Bob pka pkb,skb
30 Getting keys: PBKDF Password-based Key Derivation Functions Password PBKDF K (Key check value) Alice
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