Computer Security Course. Midterm Review
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1 Computer Security Course. Dawn Song Midterm Review
2 In class: Logistics On time: 4:10-5:30pm Wed 1 8x11 page cheat sheet allowed Special requirements: see TA
3 Part I, II, III Scope Software Security Secure Architecture Principles Cryptography Material covered in lectures & labs Exam will cover breadth
4 Part I Software Security (I) Buffer overflow vulnerability and attack what is a buffer overflow vulnerability? what types of programming errors and issues in programming language design that cause buffer overflow vulnerabilities? how is a buffer overflow vulnerability exploited? what is a control hijacking attack? what are the important steps for a control hijacking attack? what are the different types of control hijacking attacks? what is a NOP slide? what is the difference btw code injection and arc injection? what is data hijacking?
5 Part I Software Security (II) Memory corruption defenses what is a NX-bit? what is a stack canary? what is ASLR? what are the pros and cons of each defense mechanism? Know which defenses are applicable to code injection / arc injection, stack / heap / exception handlers Know about the following vulnerabilities: Format string vulnerabilities User after free Double free Integer overflow Implicit cast
6 Part I Software Security (III) Vulnerability / Memory Safety Analysis Techniques Overview How do the different techniques differ in terms of soundness and completeness? Why? How do you ensure memory safety by inserting assertions in code? Blackbox Fuzzing what is the purpose of fuzzing? how do blackbox fuzzers work? Code coverage metrics: line / branch / path coverage Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) how does DSE systematically explore paths in a program? Given an explored path, what is its path constraint formula in Static-Single Assignment (SSA) form? how does a whitebox fuzzer (based on DSE) detect a vulnerability? what are the common corner cases where bugs arise (e.g., arithmetic overflow, most negative integer, etc).
7 Part I Software Security (IV) Static Analysis - Abstract Interpretation How do you use the interval domain to analyze a program? How and when does it introduce false positives? Manual program verification / manual code reasoning Given a program or a statement, what is its precondition and postcondition? Given a loop, what is its loop invariant? How do you use preconditions/postconditions/loop invariants to prove an assertion is correct (or not)?
8 Part II: Secure Architecture Principles (I) What is the principle of least privilege? why is it an important security design principle? Access Control and Capabilities What is an access control list (ACL)? What is a capabilitiy? When is access control based on ACL vs capability? How does the Unix access control (file permissions) work? How does setuid work? how is it used to allow a program to drop privilege? Privilege separation: What is privilege separation? what are the components in privilege separation? What is TOCTOU vulnerability?
9 Part II: Secure Architecture Principles (II) Isolation what is a reference monitor? Isolation through Jail What is the purpose of chroot and jail? What do they guarantee and not guarantee? How jailbreak can happen Isolation through system call interposition What is the purpose of system call interposition? How is system call interposition implemented? What are the potential implementation pitfalls? Software based fault Isolation What is software based fault isolation? When do you need SFI? how do you implement SFI for RISC architecture? how do you verify a piece of code is correctly compiled with SFI?
10 Part III Cryptography (I) Symmetric Key Cryptography What is encryption? What is authentication? one-time pad re-use What is an initialization vector? CTR mode What happens when IV repeats? CBC mode What happens when IV repeats? ECB mode MAC, HMAC (at a high level, not construction)
11 Part III Cryptography (II) Secure Communication Know how to construct a secure channel (e.g. encryption + auth + nonce) What is a nonce? What are the capabilities of a passive attacker? What crypto functions are necessary to secure against a passive attacker? What are the capabilities of an active attacker? What crypto functions are necessary to secure against an active attacker?
12 Part III Cryptography (III) Public Key Cryptography RSA construction Key distribution problem Digital signatures, certificates, certificate revocation
13 Give us feedback Feedback Survey Improve the class together
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