Grid Computing Security

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1 Anirban Chakrabarti Grid Computing Security With 87 Figures and 12 Tables Sprin g er

2 Contents Preface Organization Acknowledgments v vi vii 1 Introduction Background Grid Computing Overview Evolution of Grid Computing Benefits of Grid Computing Grid Computing Issues and Concerns About the Book Target Audience Organization of the Book 12 2 Overview of Security Introduction Characteristics of Secure System Security Threats Different Encryption Schemes Different Authentication Schemes Shared Secret Based Authentication Public Key Based Authentication Third Party Authentication Schemes Different Integrity Schemes Message Authentication Code (MAC) KeyedMAC Standard Protocols Public Key Infrastructure Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Kerberos IP Security (IPSec) Chapter Summary 31

3 x Contents 3 Taxonomy of Grid Security Issues Introduction Grid Security Taxonomy Architecture Related Issues Information Security Authonzation Service Security Infrastructure Related Issues Host Security Issues Network Security Issues Management Related Issues Credential Management Trust Management Monitoring Chapter Summary 46 4 Grid Information Security Architecture Introduction Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI) Grid Security Model Authentication in GSI Certificate based Authentication Password based Authentication Integration with Kerberos Delegation in GSI An Example: Security in Globus Toolkit 4.0 (GT4) Message Protection in GT Delegation in GT Chapter Summary 65 5 Grid Authorization Systems Introduction Different Access Control Models Push vs. Pull Authorizations Characteristics of Grid Authorization Systems Scalability Issues Security Issues Revocation Issues Inter-operability Issues Grid Authorization Systems 79

4 Contents xi 5.3 VO Level Authorization Systems Community Authorization Service (CAS) Virtual Organization Membership Service (VOMS) Enterprise Authorization and Licensing Service (EALS) Resource Level Authorization Systems Akenti Privilege and Role Management Infrastructure Standards Validation (PERMIS) Project Authorization Using GridMap Comparing the Different Authorization Systems Comparison Roadmap to Grid Authorization Systems Chapter Summary Service Level Security in Grid Systems Introduction Components of Service Service Vulnerabilities DoS Attacks and Countermeasures Effect of DoS attacks Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks Existing DoS Countermeasures Preventive DoS Counter-measures Reactive DoS Countermeasures Comparison between DoS Countermeasures QoS Violation Attacks and Countermeasures Different Types of QoS Violation Attacks Existing Solutions Chapter Summary Host Level Security Introduction Data Protection Issue Application Level Sandboxing Virtualization Flexible Kernel Systems Sandboxing Job Starvation Issue Advanced Reservation Techniques Priority Reduction Techniques Chapter Summary 157

5 xii Contents 8 Grid Network Security Introduction Grid Network Security Issues Firewalls Different Types of Firewalls Firewalls and Grid - Issues Firewalls and Web Services Virtual Private Networks (VPN) VPNs and Grid - Types of VPNs VPNs and Grid - Issues VPNs and Grid - Some Solutions Secure Routing Impacts of Routing Table "Poisoning" Different Routing Protocols Routing Attacks and Countermeasures Multicasting Secure Multicasting Sensor Grids Security in Sensor Networks - Issues Existing Solutions High Performance Interconnects Gigabit Ethernet Infmiband Architecture (IBA) Some High Performance Security Solutions Chapter Summary Grid Credential Management Systems Introduction Types of Credentials Characteristics of Credential Management Systems Different Credential Management Systems Centralized Vs. Federated Credential Management Credential Repositories Smart Cards Virtual Smart Cards MyProxy Online Credential Repository Federated Credential Management Systems Virtualized Credential Manager (VCMan) KX Liberty Alliance for Federated Identity Shibboleth Identity Federation Chapter Summary 212

6 Contents xiii 10 Managjng Trust in the Grid Introduction Definition of Trust Reputation and Trust Categories of Trust Functions Trust Management Systems Life Cycle of Trust Management Systems Characteristics of Trust Management Systems Reputation-Based Trust Management Systems PeerTrust - A P2P Trust Management System XenoTrust Trust Management System NICE Trust Management System Secure Grid Outsourcing (SeGO) System Policy-Based Trust Management Systems PeerTrust Trust Negotiation TrustBuilder Trust Negotiation for the Grid Comparing the Trust Management Systems Generic Understanding of Trust Management Systems Applicability of the Trust Management Systems Chapter Summary Grid Monitoring Introduction Stagesof Monitoring Requirements of Distributed Monitoring System Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) Different Monitoring Tools/Frameworks Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Different System Monitoring Tools Ganglia Hawkeye Monitoring System Relational GMA (RGMA) Globus Monitoring and Discovery System (MDS) Management of Adaptive Grid Infrastructure (MAGI) GlueDomains Discussions on the Different Monitoring Systems Comparison Applicability Chapter Summary 269

7 xiv Contents 12 Putting it All Together Security in the European Data Grid (EDG) Authentication and Delegation Credential Management Job Execution An Enterprise Case Study Overview of the Security Architecture Chapter Summary Conclusion Looking at the Future Identity Based Encryption (IBE) Application Oriented Networking (AON) Summarizing the Security Issues in Grid Immediate Issues Medium-term Issues Long-term Issues Summarizing the Security Solutions in the Grid Solutions to Immediate Issues Solutions to Medium Term Issues Solutions to Long Term Issues 291 Appendix 293 A.1 Web Services 293 A.l.l Components of Web Services 294 A.2 Web Services Security 296 A.2.1 WS-Security 299 A.2.2 WS-Policy* 301 A.2.3 WS-SecureConversation 302 A.2.4 Security Assertions Markup Language (SAML) 304 A.2.5 extensible Access Control Markup Language 306 A.3 Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) 307 A.3.1 Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) 308 A.3.2 Web Services Critique of OGSI 309 A.3.2 Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF) 310 Bibliography 313 Index 329

Grid Computing Security

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