Chapter 4 Authentication Applications
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1 Chapter 4 Authentication Applications Henric Johnson Blekinge Institute of Technology,Sweden henric.johnson@bth.se Henric Johnson 1
2 Outline Security Concerns Kerberos X.509 Authentication Service Recommended reading and Web Sites Henric Johnson 2
3 Security Concerns key concerns are confidentiality and timeliness to provide confidentiality must encrypt identification and session key info which requires the use of previously shared private or public keys need timeliness to prevent replay attacks provided by using sequence numbers or timestamps or challenge/response Henric Johnson 3
4 KERBEROS In Greek mythology, a many headed dog, the guardian of the entrance of Hades Henric Johnson 4
5 KERBEROS Users wish to access services on servers. Three threats exist: User pretend to be another user. User alter the network address of a workstation. User eavesdrop on exchanges and use a replay attack. Henric Johnson 5
6 KERBEROS Provides a centralized authentication server to authenticate users to servers and servers to users. Relies on conventional encryption, making no use of public-key encryption Two versions: version 4 and 5 Version 4 makes use of DES Henric Johnson 6
7 Kerberos Version 4 Terms: C = Client AS = authentication server V = server IDc = identifier of user on C IDv = identifier of V P c = password of user on C ADc = network address of C Kv = secret encryption key shared by AS an V TS = timestamp = concatenation Henric Johnson 7
8 A Simple Authentication Dialogue (1) C AS: IDc P c IDv (2) AS C: Ticket (3) C V: IDc Ticket Ticket = E K v[idc P c IDv] Henric Johnson 8
9 Version 4 Authentication Problems: Dialogue Lifetime associated with the ticket-granting ticket If too short repeatedly asked for password If too long greater opportunity to replay The threat is that an opponent will steal the ticket and use it before it expires Henric Johnson 9
10 Version 4 Authentication Dialogue Authentication Service Exhange: To obtain Ticket-Granting Ticket (1) C AS: IDc IDtgs TS1 (2) AS C: E Kc [K c,tgs IDtgs TS 2 Lifetime 2 Tickettgs] Ticket-Granting Service Echange: To obtain Service-Granting Ticket (3) C TGS: IDv Ticket tgs Authenticatorc (4) TGS C: E Kc [K c, v IDv TS 4 Ticketv] Client/Server Authentication Exhange: To Obtain Service (5) C V: Ticket v Authenticatorc (6) V C: EKc,v[TS5 +1] Henric Johnson 10
11 Overview of Kerberos Henric Johnson 11
12 Request for Service in Another Realm Henric Johnson 12
13 Difference Between Version 4 and 5 Encryption system dependence (V.4 DES) Internet protocol dependence Message byte ordering Ticket lifetime Authentication forwarding Interrealm authentication Henric Johnson 13
14 Kerberos Encryption Techniques Henric Johnson 14
15 PCBC Mode Henric Johnson 15
16 Kerberos - in practice Currently have two Kerberos versions: 4 : restricted to a single realm 5 : allows inter-realm authentication, in beta test Kerberos v5 is an Internet standard specified in RFC1510, and used by many utilities To use Kerberos: need to have a KDC on your network need to have Kerberised applications running on all participating systems major problem - US export restrictions Kerberos cannot be directly distributed outside the US in source format (& binary versions must obscure crypto routine entry points and have no encryption) else crypto libraries must be reimplemented locally Henric Johnson 16
17 X.509 Authentication Service Distributed set of servers that maintains a database about users. Each certificate contains the public key of a user and is signed with the private key of a CA. Is used in S/MIME, IP Security, SSL/TLS and SET. RSA is recommended to use. Henric Johnson 17
18 X.509 Formats Henric Johnson 18
19 Typical Digital Signature Approach Henric Johnson 19
20 Obtaining a User s Certificate Characteristics of certificates generated by CA: Any user with access to the public key of the CA can recover the user public key that was certified. No part other than the CA can modify the certificate without this being detected. Henric Johnson 20
21 X.509 CA Hierarchy Henric Johnson 21
22 Revocation of Certificates Reasons for revocation: The users secret key is assumed to be compromised. The user is no longer certified by this CA. The CA s certificate is assumed to be compromised. Henric Johnson 22
23 Authentication Procedures Henric Johnson 23
24 Recommended Reading and WEB Sites (search for kerberos) Bryant, W. Designing an Authentication System: A Dialogue in Four Scenes. Kohl, J.; Neuman, B. The Evolotion of the Kerberos Authentication Service Henric Johnson 24
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