Chapter 8 Network Security

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1 Chapter 8 Network Security A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, we d like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 4 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, July Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved 8: Network Security 8-1

2 Chapter 8 roadmap 8.1 What is network security? 8.2 Principles of cryptography 8.3 Message integrity 8.4 End point authentication 8.5 Securing 8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL 8.7 Network layer security: IPsec 8.8 Securing wireless LANs 8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS 8: Network Security 8-2

3 Secure Alice wants to send confidential , m, to Bob. K S m. K S ( ) K S (m ) K S (m ). K S ( ) m K S. K B ( ) K B K B (K S ) - Internet K B (K S ) K B - K S -. K B ( ) Alice: generates random symmetric private key, K S. encrypts message with K S (for efficiency) also encrypts K S with Bob s public key. sends both K S (m) and K B (K S ) to Bob. 8: Network Security 8-3

4 Secure Alice wants to send confidential , m, to Bob. K S m. K S ( ) K S (m ) K S (m ). K S ( ) m K S. K B ( ) K B K B (K S ) - Internet K B (K S ) K B - K S -. K B ( ) Bob: uses his private key to decrypt and recover K S uses K S to decrypt K S (m) to recover m 8: Network Security 8-4

5 Secure (continued) Alice wants to provide sender authentication message integrity. m H( ) K Ā. -. K A ( ) - K A (H(m)) - K A (H(m)) K. A K A ( ) H(m ) m - Internet m compare. H( ) H(m ) Alice digitally signs message. sends both message (in the clear) and digital signature. 8: Network Security 8-5

6 Secure (continued) Alice wants to provide secrecy, sender authentication, message integrity. m m H( ) K Ā. -. K A ( ) - K A (H(m)) K S. K S ( ). K B ( ) K B Alice uses three keys: her private key, Bob s public key, newly created symmetric key K S K B (K S ) Internet 8: Network Security 8-6

7 Pretty good privacy (PGP) Internet encryption scheme, de-facto standard. uses symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, hash function, and digital signature as described. provides secrecy, sender authentication, integrity. inventor, Phil Zimmerman, was target of 3-year federal investigation. A PGP signed message: ---BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE--- Hash: SHA1 Bob:My husband is out of town tonight.passionately yours, Alice ---BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE--- Version: PGP 5.0 Charset: noconv yhhjrhhgjghgg/12epjlo8ge4vb3mqj hfevzp9t6n7g6m5gw2 ---END PGP SIGNATURE--- 8: Network Security 8-7

8 Chapter 8 roadmap 8.1 What is network security? 8.2 Principles of cryptography 8.3 Message integrity 8.4 End point authentication 8.5 Securing 8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL 8.7 Network layer security: IPsec 8.8 Securing wireless LANs 8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS 8: Network Security 8-8

9 Secure sockets layer (SSL) provides transport layer security to any TCP-based application using SSL services. e.g., between Web browsers, servers for e-commerce (shttp) security services: server authentication, data encryption, client authentication (optional) TCP socket Application TCP IP Application SSL sublayer TCP IP SSL socket TCP API TCP enhanced with SSL 8: Network Security 8-9

10 SSL: three phases 1. Handshake: Bob establishes TCP connection to Alice authenticates Alice via CA signed certificate creates, encrypts (using Alice s public key), sends master secret key to Alice nonce exchange not shown create Master Secret (MS) decrypt using K A - to get MS 8: Network Security 8-10

11 SSL: three phases 2. Key Derivation: Alice, Bob use shared secret (MS) to generate 4 keys: E B : Bob->Alice data encryption key E A : Alice->Bob data encryption key M B : Bob->Alice MAC key M A : Alice->Bob MAC key encryption and MAC algorithms negotiable between Bob, Alice why 4 keys? 8: Network Security 8-11

12 SSL: three phases 3. Data transfer TCP byte stream b 1 b 2 b 3 b n block n bytes together d. H( ) M B compute MAC d d H(d) H(d). H( ) E B SSL seq. # encrypt d, MAC, SSL seq. # SSL record format Type Ver Len d H(d) unencrypted encrypted using E B 8: Network Security 8-12

13 Chapter 8 roadmap 8.1 What is network security? 8.2 Principles of cryptography 8.3 Message integrity 8.4 End point authentication 8.5 Securing 8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL 8.7 Network layer security: IPsec 8.8 Securing wireless LANs 8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS 8: Network Security 8-13

14 IPsec: Network Layer Security network-layer secrecy: sending host encrypts the data in IP datagram TCP and UDP segments; ICMP and SNMP messages. network-layer authentication destination host can authenticate source IP address two principal protocols: authentication header (AH) protocol encapsulation security payload (ESP) protocol for both AH and ESP, source, destination handshake: create network-layer logical channel called a security association (SA) each SA unidirectional. uniquely determined by: security protocol (AH or ESP) source IP address 32-bit connection ID 8: Network Security 8-14

15 Authentication Header (AH) Protocol provides source authentication, data integrity, no confidentiality AH header inserted between IP header, data field. protocol field: 51 intermediate routers process datagrams as usual AH header includes: connection identifier authentication data: source- signed message digest calculated over original IP datagram. next header field: specifies type of data (e.g., TCP, UDP, ICMP) IP header AH header data (e.g., TCP, UDP segment) 8: Network Security 8-15

16 ESP Protocol provides secrecy, host authentication, data integrity. data, ESP trailer encrypted. next header field is in ESP trailer. ESP authentication field is similar to AH authentication field. Protocol = 50. 8: Network Security 8-16

17 Chapter 8 roadmap 8.1 What is network security? 8.2 Principles of cryptography 8.3 Message integrity 8.4 End point authentication 8.5 Securing 8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL 8.7 Network layer security: IPsec 8.8 Securing wireless LANs 8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS 8: Network Security 8-17

18 IEEE security war-driving: drive around Bay area, see what networks available? More than 9000 accessible from public roadways 85% use no encryption/authentication packet-sniffing and various attacks easy! securing encryption, authentication first attempt at security: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): a failure current attempt: i 8: Network Security 8-18

19 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): authentication as in protocol ap4.0 host requests authentication from access point access point sends 128 bit nonce host encrypts nonce using shared symmetric key access point decrypts nonce, authenticates host no key distribution mechanism authentication: knowing the shared key is enough 8: Network Security 8-19

20 WEP data encryption host/ap share 40 bit symmetric key (semi-permanent) host appends 24-bit initialization vector () to create 64-bit key 64 bit key used to generate stream of keys, k i k i used to encrypt ith byte, d i, in frame: c i = d i XOR k i and encrypted bytes, c i sent in frame 8: Network Security 8-20

21 WEP encryption (per frame) K S : 40-bit secret symmetric plaintext frame data plus CRC k 1 key sequence generator ( for given K S, ) k 2 k 3 k N k N1 k N1 d 1 d 2 d 3 d N CRC 1 CRC header WEP-encrypted data plus CRC c 1 c 2 c 3 c N c N1 c N4 Figure 7.8-new1: WEP protocol Sender-side WEP encryption 8: Network Security 8-21

22 Breaking WEP encryption security hole: 24-bit, one per frame, -> s eventually reused transmitted in plaintext -> reuse detected attack: Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 Trudy sees: c i = d i XOR k i Trudy knows c i d i, so can compute k i Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k 1 k 2 k 3 Next time is used, Trudy can decrypt! 8: Network Security 8-22

"$% "& & Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR. All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved. 8: Network Security 8-1

$% & & Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR. All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved. 8: Network Security 8-1 A note on the use of these ppt slides: We re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this

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