A Convedia White Paper. Controlling Media Servers with SIP
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1 Version 1.2 June, 2004
2 Contents: Introduction page 3 Media Server Overview page 3 Dimensions of Interaction page 5 Types of Interaction page 6 SIP Standards for Media Server Control page 7
3 Introduction SIP is widely deployed today for VoIP network signaling and is enjoying great success. However, the use of SIP isn't limited to signaling. SIP has also been applied to the control of VoIP media servers, a function more traditionally associated with device control protocols such as MGCP or MEGACO. This article explores the kinds of media processing control that can be accomplished using SIP, the different control mechanisms that are available, suitable applications of each mechanism, and relevant standards. Media Server Overview A VoIP media server is a network element whose sole purpose is the processing of media streams, also known as RTP streams for network-based services. Media stream processing includes such functions as playing announcements, collecting DTMF digits, audio recording and playback, bridging multiple streams (also known as ), fax detection and decoding, speech recognition, text-to-speech rendering, and video processing. A VoIP media server is a network element whose sole purpose is the processing of media streams In performing these functions, the media server's role in the network is that of a slave device: it always operates under the direct control of one or more control agents, typically application servers and/or softswitches. A control agent provides a service execution environment, application-specific logic, and all the signaling for one or more services. The media server performs all the media processing for the service(s). This provides a division of responsibilities, or decomposition, between the control agent and the media server. The result of this decomposition is that the network signaling to and from VoIP gateways and terminals terminates on the control agent, while the media streams from the same gateways and terminals terminate on the media server. This separation of signaling (SIP) from media (RTP) is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Network Architecture 3 of 8
4 Decoupling signaling (SIP) and media (RTP) is not only elegant but also sensible Decoupling signaling (SIP) and media (RTP) is not only elegant but also sensible, given that service logic and signaling typically execute on network components based on generalpurpose processors, while carrier-class media processing is best achieved on network components based on Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). Control Agent / Media Server Interaction Although from a high-level point of view a control agent simply controls a media server, at a more detailed level there are actually two kinds of interactions: control messages and notification messages. Control messages move from the control agent to the media server, providing instructions for how to set up media streams and process them. Notification messages move from the media server to the control agent, providing results of the processing. In general control messages and notification messages occur asynchronously (that is, at any time) throughout the call. Table 1 shows some examples of control and notification messages between control agent (CA) and media server (MS) for some key media server features and services requiring those features. There are two kinds of interactions: control messages and notification messages MS Feature Announcements (1-way call) Example Application Network announcements Service announcements Control: CA to MS Audio file(s) to play None Notification: MS to CA Simple (N-way) Residential 3- or 6-way IP Centrex 3- or 6-way Call/conference to join None IVR in 1-way call Auto-attendant Card services Call screening Privacy services Audio file(s) to play or record DTMF digits or digit patterns to detect Grammars to recognize with ASR Text to speak with TTS (IVR script to execute) Detected digits Interruption by user Recognized words and phrases Fax detected or decoded IVR in 2-way call or small (3-way, 6-way, etc.) Prepaid card recharging in mid-call (2-way) Call center (2-way) Call center with supervisor monitoring/ coaching (3-way) Call/conference to join As for 1-way call above, but IVR is usually applied to a single leg of the conference Legs to mute/unmute As for 1-way call above Advanced (N-way) Voice Chat Business Event Conference to join As for 1-way call above, but IVR can be applied to one, several, or all legs Conference mixing mode (fixed speakers or loudest speakers) Legs to mute or change gain on As for 1-way call above Identities of current loudest speakers Table 1: Control Agent/Media Server Interaction 4 of 8
5 The simplest interactions are used in announcements and simple (the first two rows of the table), because these require no notifications, only a single control message at the start of the call. One-way IVR (the third row) is the next most complex, with both control and notification messages throughout a call but only a single party. The last two rows of the table show variants on what could be called "featured", that is, conference calls which differ from simple in using features such as announcements, IVR, muting, and mixing modes. These scenarios are the most complex, with a multi-party call having control and notification messages throughout the call on one or more legs. The main difference between these last two rows is the size of the conference, and what capabilities are therefore required. Examples of the use of these features include prepaid card recharging in mid-call (IVR in two-way call), supervisor interaction in call center calls (IVR in 3-way calls), and business or event which may range to thousands of participants (N-way calls). Dimensions of Interaction The information that needs to be exchanged between control agent and media server in the scenarios described above can be best understood by analyzing it along two independent dimensions. The first dimension of media server interaction is with respect to time. Examination of Table 1 shows that there are two of these types of interactions: those that occur at the start of a call and those that occur mid-call, that is, within a call. The first two rows, announcements and simple, need only start-of-call control messages. The last two rows, which involve multi-party calls, need mid-call messages (both control and notification), partly because of the need to control the multiple call legs. The third row, single-party IVR, also requires mid-call messages; however, it is often accomplished differently, using a start-of-call message followed by out-of-band (non-sip) messages for mid-call interaction. This leads to the second dimension of media server interaction: scripted versus unscripted interaction. VoiceXML is the best-known example of a voice services scripting language. The scope of VoiceXML is single-party IVR. It includes playing announcements, collecting DTMF digits, recording and playback, speech recognition, and text-to-speech. An IVR script may contain control logic that allows it to make decisions based on input and to perform various actions depending on those decisions. VoiceXML traditionally uses HTTP (not SIP) for interaction between the media server and control agent. This accounts for the mixed start-ofcall/mid-call character mentioned above: the script is carried to the media server at the start of the call using SIP, but subsequent mid-call interactions use HTTP. The first dimension of media server interaction is with respect to time The second dimension of media server interaction is scripted versus unscripted interaction Unscripted interactions, in contrast to the scripted case, make use of explicit start-of-call and/or mid-call messages between the control agent and the media server. The control agent sends a control message to the media server and the media server performs the requested action. This action can be immediate, such as playing an announcement, or can have a future effect, such as instructing the media server to report DTMF digits. In the latter example, the media server detects a digit at some point in the future, and sends a notification message to the control agent. 5 of 8
6 Types of Interaction The two dimensions of interaction lead naturally to four distinct possibilities for controlling a media server with SIP The two dimensions of interaction that have just been described, start-of-call versus mid-call and unscripted versus scripted, lead naturally to four distinct possibilities for controlling a media server with SIP. Figure 2 shows how the four combinations SIP alone, SIP and VoiceXML, SIP with mid-call interaction, and SIP with mid-call interaction and VoiceXML are derived from these two dimensions. As shown in Table 2, each of the four types of interactions has definite capabilities and limitations that make it most suitable for controlling a specific subset of a media server's features. Some of these features can be accomplished in only one way, while with others there is a choice between unscripted (using mid-call interaction) and scripted (using VoiceXML). Figure 2: Control Agent / Media Server Interaction Types MS Feature Only SIP SIP + VoiceXML SIP + Mid-Call SIP + Mid-Call + VoiceXML Announcements (1-way call) Simple (N-way) IVR in 1-way call IVR in 2-way call or small (3-way, 6-way, etc.) Advanced (N-way) Table 2: Interaction Types Suitability The simplest case, only SIP, can only be used with announcements and simple, as these basic interactions required only a start of call interaction. The next simplest case, "SIP and VoiceXML," supports single-party IVR using the VoiceXML scripting language. (VoiceXML script actually uses a simple type of mid-call interaction, HTTP GETs and POSTs, but this is very limited and not a full mid-call mechanism.) The third case, "SIP and mid-call", uses control and notification messages within a call to exchange information between the control agent and the media server. Table 2 shows that midcall interaction is an alternative to VoiceXML for single-party IVR calls. As shown in the last two rows in Table 2, the third case, "SIP and mid-call," and the fourth case, "SIP and mid-call and VoiceXML" are both possible alternatives for supporting a rich feature set in multi-party calls. Mid-call interactions can of course directly support IVR, using messages to play announcement and turn on digit collection and notification to report digits. However, they can also be used to invoke VoiceXML scripts at any time during a call or conference, which then interact out-of-band with the control agent using HTTP. Although this VoiceXML method can be applied to featured N-way (business or event), it is 6 of 8
7 most suitable for smaller multi-way calls that temporarily need IVR at some point, such as performing IVR in the middle of a two-party call. SIP Standards for Media Server Control The previous sections explored some technical aspects of media server control by SIP. This final section looks at the state of SIP standards for media server control. The two start-of-call cases, "only SIP" and "SIP and VoiceXML", which together handle announcements, simple, and single-party scripted IVR, are well understood in the industry and are described in an IETF draft ("draft-burger-sipping-netann") that has become a de facto standard. This public domain document shows how announcements, simple, and single-party scripted IVR are each invoked using a particular syntax of the Request-URI in the SIP INVITE message. The described Request-URI syntax is fully compliant with the SIP standard, and in no way modifies the operation of SIP itself. As a result, it is a straightforward matter for a softswitch or application server to make use of SIP to control a media server for these three functions. On the other hand, the two mid-call cases, "SIP and mid-call" and "SIP and mid-call and VoiceXML", are substantially more complex, and until very recently there was no suitable public domain standard for them. As Table 2 shows, for featured multi-party a mid-call interaction mechanism is a must-have, and featured multi-party cannot be supported with SIP alone or even with SIP/VoiceXML alone. Given that business and event is one of the leading VoIP applications today (and therefore an important driver for the VoIP industry) it is critical that the industry have access to SIP standards for mid-call media server interaction. The two start-of-call cases are well understood in the industry Until very recently, there was no suitable public domain standard for the two mid-call cases To address this, in June 2003 Convedia released two Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Drafts that together define a powerful and extensible SIP-based control interface for IP media servers. The Drafts are called as follows: Media Sessions Markup Language (MSML) Media Objects Markup Language (MOML) MSML and MOML allow media servers to support functionality on SIP that previously could only be accomplished with MGCP, including capabilities dependent on mid-call interaction advanced and unscripted IVR. MSML and MOML are a simple addition to SIP and make use of XML content in the message bodies of SIP INVITE and INFO requests, without modifying the SIP protocol. MSML and MOML provide SIP-based standards for mid-call media server interaction Convedia believes that this new interface, which it is releasing into the public domain with no intellectual property rights (IPR) claims, is a significant step forward in the evolution of SIP media servers and will ultimately become the most widely used standard for media server control. 7 of 8
8 Copyright 2004 Convedia Corporation. All rights reserved. Convedia and the Convedia logo are trademarks of Convedia Corporation. All other trademarks are recognized as property of their respective owners. Information subject to change without notice.
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