Webpage: Volume 5, Issue VII, July 2017 ISSN

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1 Image Security using Non-Linear Data Structure Dr. S. Kiran 1, R. Pradeep Kumar Reddy 2, V. Siva Kumar 3, P. Veereshkumar Goud 4 1,2 Assistant Professor, 3,4 Student 1,2,3,,4 Dept. of CSE, YSR Engineering College of YVU Proddatur, AP, India, Pin no rkirans125@gmail.com, 2 pradeepmadhavi@gmail.com, 3 sanagsiva@gmail.com, 4 patil.veereshkkd@gmail.com Abstract: Cryptography is a challenging area in present era, communication is playing an essential role to maintain security. Security is one of the services in cryptography. Attackers are hacking the information with rapid growth of hacking techniques. The proposed work concentrates on binary tree traversal to make an effective security of images with tree data structures, complementary functions and logical operations. Trees are the part of non-linear data structures. There are several types, that are initiated in forming of trees. Among those one of the tree representation is a binary tree. In this work complete binary tree is used for encryption and decryption with only one traversal technique i.e. pre-order is utilized for cryptographic application. Keywords: Attacks, Communication, Complementary function, Data structures, Traversal techniques. 1. INTRODUCTION Now a day s, information is sharing in the form of images from one person to another person. Maintaining the security for data from unauthorized access is a major challenge. The security for image is provided with encryption [1][6] and decryption algorithms. The word image is derived from the Latin word imago. Image means the representation of threedimensional or two-dimensional objects in the two dimensional plane to view the object. Images are divided into different types of images they are: 1. Binary images 2. Gray-scale images 3. Color images 4. Multispectral images Image is stored in different ways such as photos, icons, buttons, etc. The image is represented in two ways which are sample and quantize (digitize) the image function. Sampling means to take the finite number of points from the considered image [11], and quantization refers to the representation of the gray level value at the sampling point using finite number of bits. Each image sample is called a pixel. Cryptography is used for the security purpose to enhance security from the intruders. The concept of cryptography uses different types of encryption algorithms that makes the original to scribble data. The encryption techniques may use different keys that cannot recognized by the intruders. The keys are the main part in secure data transmission. Cryptography can have two parts: 1. Symmetric cryptography A single key can be used for encryption and decryption in the case of symmetric [7] cryptography. 2. Asymmetric cryptography The pair of keys used in asymmetric [8] cryptography, one for public used for encryption and another for private used to decryption. Services of cryptography: 1. Access control 2. Authentication 3. Security 4. Privacy 5. Integrity 6. Key management 7. Non-Refutation 8. Accessibility 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. A block cipher generation using an innovative permutation algorithm [4]. This paper uses different combinations of ASCII values. The concept of permutation used in different rounds to make the cipher text [6] as more strong from the brute force attacks. 2. A new Symmetric key Cryptography Algorithm using extended MSA method: DJSA symmetric key algorithm [9]. This paper gives the detailed note on MSA algorithm its problem and also given the solution for the MSA by extending its range to improve the efficiency and security. They used a large matrix to generate a key which can t easily decrypt by any number of attacks. 3. On the Security of Key-Based Interval Splitting Arithmetic Coding With Respect to Message Indistinguishability [5]. The authors mainly concentrated on KSAC different types of encryptions in the incidence of eavesdropper, and they provided a formula which makes strong key that can t brakes to any attacks. 4. Boolean Algebra based Effective and Efficient Asymmetric Key Cryptography Algorithm: BAC Algorithm [3]. This paper given the information about, the security for the data which is transmitted via internet by using the simple Boolean techniques such as complementary functions and XOR operations. 5. Enhancing the Performance of Symmetric-Key Cryptography via Instruction Set Extensions [10]. This paper shows how the symmetric encryption algorithms are enhanced in maintaining the security. This paper also reduces the size and execution time of program. 3. PROPOSED METHOD In this proposed algorithm, the data is divided into 3*5 block size. It can ignore data if the data is less than the block size. Reverse the block to create the complete binary tree and Page 1

2 change the tree into its mirror image. Apply the pre-order traversal technique for encryption process. After applying traversal apply the two s complement for each block. 3.1 Encryption Algorithm Steps for the encryption algorithm 1. Read the image 2. Divide the image into 3*5 block 3. Exchange the values of 3*5 block 4. Mirror image of binary tree 5. Apply Preorder traversal for each block of above step 6. Apply 2 s complement 7. Apply the Nibble changing [2] with in a byte 8. Generate cipher image 3.2 Decryption Algorithm Steps for the decryption algorithm 1. Read the cipher image 2. Divide the image into 3*5 block 3. Apply the Nibble changing with in a byte 4. Apply 2 s complement after the nibble changing 5. Apply Preorder traversal for each block of above step 6. Mirror image of binary tree 7. Exchange the values of 3*5 block 8. Generate original image 3.3 Flowcharts of Encryption and Decryption Algorithm Flowchart for the encryption algorithm Fig. 2: Algorithm for Decryption 3.4 Example The above procedure is explained with detail example as follows Step1: Read the file NETWORKSECURITY Step 2: Divide information into 3*5 blocks and find their ASCII values Step 3: Exchange the values within the block Original values: 78, 69, 84, 87, 79, 82, 75, 83, 69, 67, 85, 82, 73,84, 89 Changed values:89, 84, 73, 82, 85, 67, 69, 83, 75, 82, 79, 87, 84, 69, 78 Step 4: Binary tree and Mirror image of binary tree Fig. 1: Algorithm for Encryption Flowchart for the decryption algorithm Fig. 3: Binary tree Page 2

3 Fig. 4: Mirror image of binary tree Step 5: Apply Preorder traversal for each block of above step 89,73,87,79,69,84,67,82,78,69,82,84,85,75,83 Fig. 7: Preorder traversal 89,73,69,78,69,67,84,87,84,85,79,82,82,75,83 Fig. 5: Preorder traversal 89,73,79,82,78,69,69,82,87,84,84,85,67,75,83 Fig. 8: Preorder traversal 89,73,78,87,84,69,85,79,69,67,82,82,84,75,83 Fig. 6: Preorder traversal 89,73,82,82,87,78,84,84,79,69,85,67,69,75,83 Fig. 9: Preorder traversal Page 3

4 Webpage: Volume 5, Issue VII, July 2017 Step 6: Apply 2 s complement Value of preorder form tree 2 s Complement Table 1: 2 s complement Step 8: Generate cipher image from the decimal values z{êêš+êê[esc]»øû»[ú Here the encryption process is completed. Then the decryption is the reverse process of the encryption process. 3.5 Results Step 7: Nibble swapping and changing decimal values Binary values Changed binary values Table 2: Nibble changing of binary values Changed Binary Decimal Value Table 3: Changing binary to decimal values (a) Original image (b) Encryption image (c) Decryption image Page 4

5 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The investigation of providing security for the image is a prominent role in the present era. The proposed system that gives strong security for the image than the other security mechanisms. This paper focuses on tree traversals technique, complementary functions and swapping techniques. These techniques enhance the image security. The future enhancement is that by applying combination of other traversal techniques may give more effective security. References [1] Dr. S. Kiran, G.Madhavi, D. Lakshmi sharanya, Syed Farzana, Classical Hybrid Technique Substitution and Transposition Techniques, International Journal of Computer Applications ( ) Volume 153 No4, November 2016 [2] Dr. S.Kiran, Dr. B.Reddaiah, D.NagaSravanthi, J.VenkataSivajayaSree, A Novel Encryption Using Nibble Swapping, International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.4, No.9, September 2015 DOI: /IJAIST/2015.v4i [3] Niraj Kumar, Pankaj Gupta, Monika Sahu, Dr. M A Rizvi, Boolean Algebra based Effective and Efficient Asymmetric Key Cryptography Algorithm: BAC Algorithm, /13/$ , IEEE. [4] Kallam Ravindra Babu, Dr. S. Udaya Kumar and Dr. A. Vinaya Babu, A Block Cipher Generation Using An Innovative Permutation Algorithm, International Journal of Mathematical Archive-3(4), 2012, pp ISSN: , (Received: ; Accepted on: ). [5] Rajendra S. Katti, and Aida Vosoughi, On the Security of Key-Based Interval Splitting Arithmetic Coding With Respect to Message Indistinguishability, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 7, No.3, June 2012, pp [6] Ravindra Babu, Udaya Kumar and Vinaya babu, An Enhanced Ployalphabetic Cipher using Extended Vigenere Table, IJARCS, ( ), Volume2, No.2, Mar-April [7] Neeraj Khanna, Joel James, Joyshree Nath, Sayantan Chakraborty, Amlan Chakrabarti and Asoke Nath, New Symmetric key Cryptographic algorithm using combined bit manipulation ans MSA encryption algorithm:njjsaa symmetric key algorithm, accepted for publication CSNT- 2011, IEEE International conference to be held at SMVDU, Jammu from 03/06/2011 to 05/06/2011. [8] Debanjan Das, Megholoya Mukharjee, Neha Choudhary, An Integrated Symmetric Key Cryptography Algorithm using Generalised modified Vernam Cipher method and DJSA method: DJMNA symmetric key algorithm, /2011 IEEE. [9] Dripto Chatterjee, joyshree Nath, Suvadeep Dasgupta, Asoke Nath, A new Symmetric Key Cryptography Algorithm using extended MSA method: DJSA symmetric key algorithm, International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, /11 $ IEEE, DOI /CSNT [10] Sean O Melia, and Adam J. Elbirt, Enhancing the performance of Symmetric-Key Cryptography via Instruction Set Extensions, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 18, no. 11, pp , November [11] G. Jakimosi and K. P. Subbalaksmi, Cryptanalysis of some multimedia encryption schemes, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 10, No.3, pp , Apr Page 5