Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures: Web Applications, Second Edition. Chapter 3 Web Application Vulnerabilities

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1 Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures: Web Chapter 3 Web Application Vulnerabilities

2 Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the architecture of Web applications Understand the objectives of Web application hacking Understand the anatomy of an attack Understand Web application threats Utilize countermeasures Use Web application hacking tools 2

3 Introduction to Web Application This chapter Vulnerabilities Shows various kinds of vulnerabilities that can be discovered in Web applications, as well as attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities Starts with a detailed description of Web server applications Anatomy of an attack reveals the various steps involved in a planned attack Several different types of attacks that can take place on Web applications are discussed, along with countermeasures for those attacks 3

4 Web Applications Web applications have a three-layered architecture consisting of presentation, logic, and data layers Web architecture Relies substantially on the technology popularized by the World Wide Web, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) Standard Web application client is the Web browser 4

5 Web Applications Popular Web servers today: Microsoft IIS, and Apache HTTP Server, Sun One, AOL/Netscape Enterprise server SSL may be used to provide transport layer encryption 5

6 Web Applications Figure 3-1 Web applications running on servers to provide services to client Web applications 6

7 Web Application Hacking Web applications exploits: Defacing Web sites Stealing credit card information Exploiting server-side scripting Exploiting buffer overflows Domain Name Server (DNS) attacks Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks Employing malicious code 7

8 Anatomy of an Attack Typical attack on a Web application has five steps: Scanning Information gathering Testing Planning the attack Launching the attack 8

9 Web Application Threats Threats are not limited to attacks based on URLs and port 80 Potential problems cannot be addressed by simply screening port 80 traffic This section covers various types of Web application threats 9

10 Cross-Site Scripting/XSS Flaws Occur when an attacker uses Web applications to send malicious JavaScript code to end users Two categories: Stored where inserted code is stored permanently in a target server, database, message forum, or visitor log Reflected where the injected code takes another route to the victim, such as an message, or on a different server 10

11 Cross-Site Scripting/XSS Flaws Figure 3-2 An XSS can execute malicious scripts on a user s system 11

12 Cross-Site Scripting/XSS Flaws Countermeasures Check and validate all fields, headers, cookies, query strings, and parameters Implement a stringent security policy Perform a security review of the code Filter the script output to defeat XSS vulnerabilities Sanity of the code should be checked by reviewing and comparing it against exact specifications Input fields should have a reasonable maximum amount of allowed characters 12

13 SQL Injection SQL injection attacks use command sequences from SQL statements to control database data directly Attacker can use a vulnerable Web application to bypass normal security measures and obtain direct access to valuable data Countermeasures Every user variable passed to the database should be validated and sanitized 13

14 Command Injection Flaws Allow attackers to pass malicious code to different systems via a Web application Environments Affected Environment allows for the execution of external commands such as system calls, shell commands, and SQL requests Countermeasures Arrange requests in a pattern, which ensures all given parameters are treated as data instead of potentially executable content 14

15 Cookie/Session Poisoning Cookies frequently transmit sensitive credentials Can be modified with relative ease in order to escalate access or assume another user s identity Cookies can contain session-specific data such as user IDs, passwords, account numbers, shopping cart contents, private information, and session IDs Compromising cookies and sessions can provide an attacker with user credentials, allowing attacker to assume the identity of other users 15

16 Cookie/Session Poisoning Countermeasures Never store simple text in a cookie Implement cookie timeouts Tie cookie authentication credentials to an IP address Provide logout functions that invalidate a user s session authentication information by modifying or erasing a session cookie A message authentication code (MAC) should be used to protect the integrity of cookies 16

17 Parameter/Form Tampering Aimed directly at the application s business logic Takes advantage of the fact that many programmers rely on hidden or fixed fields as the only security measure for certain operations Can lead to: Theft of services Escalation of access Session hijacking and assuming the identity of other users Access to developer and debugging information 17

18 Buffer Overflow Buffer has a specified data storage capacity If the data copied into the buffer exceeds this capacity, the buffer overflows Execution stack of a Web application is damaged when a buffer overflows Web servers, application servers, and Web application environments are vulnerable to buffer overflows Server products and libraries should be updated regularly 18

19 Buffer Overflow Table 3-1 The functions that should be used to avoid buffer overflows 19

20 Directory Traversal/Forceful Browsing Attacker is able to browse for directories and files outside the normal application access This attack exposes the directory structure of an application and OS Countermeasures Information leakage can be stopped at the server level through strong configurations Hotfixes and patches should be applied Implement least-privilege access policies Separate Web documents must be implemented for user and administrator interfaces 20

21 Cryptographic Interception Attackers attack sensitive handoff points where data is temporarily unprotected Countermeasures Interception can be countered with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and advanced private-key protection 21

22 Authentication Hijacking Insecure credential and identity management can lead to account hijacking and theft of services Can lead to user impersonation, disclosure of sensitive information, and privilege escalation Countermeasures Authentication should occur over secure channels with strong authentication capabilities 22

23 Log Tampering Attacker, in an attempt to cover tracks, will usually delete logs, modify logs, change user information, and otherwise destroy all evidence of the attack Countermeasures All logs must be digitally signed and time-stamped Creating a tamper-proof audit trail of legitimate business transactions versus attacker activity Separate logs for system events, network firewall events, and application events should be generated 23

24 Error Message Interception Error messages that contain site-specific information allow attackers to learn private application architectures Countermeasures Error messages should be generic without being rich in information Web site cloaking capabilities make enterprise Web resources invisible to attackers and worms scanning for vulnerabilities 24

25 Attack Obfuscation Attackers often work hard to mask or hide their attacks, and avoid detection by encoding their requests with methods such as URL encoding and Unicode Countermeasures In-depth inspection of all traffic Should be set to allow, block, or translate Unicode and UTF-8 encoding to display possible attacks 25

26 Platform Exploits Web applications are built upon application platforms Platforms are well understood and have well-known vulnerabilities with associated exploits Application platform exploits involving known vulnerabilities are easy targets for attackers 26

27 DMZ Protocol Attacks DMZ (demilitarized zone): semitrusted network zone that separates the untrusted Internet from the company s trusted internal network Attacker able to compromise a system that allows other DMZ protocols has access to other DMZ and internal systems Countermeasures Suitable patches should be applied Use of signatures to detect and block well-known attacks 27

28 Security Management Exploits Attackers target security management systems, either on networks or on the application layer, in order to modify or disable security enforcement Each security interface requires a different interface, protocol, and method of configuration Can lead to inherent vulnerabilities in the management subsystems, vulnerabilities introduced through misconfigurations, and lack of access control Countermeasures All management functions should be firewalled and operate through dedicated management channels 28

29 Web Services Attacks Web services: process-to-process communications that have special security issues and needs Web services have detailed definitions that allow regular users and attackers to understand the construction of the service Countermeasures Provision for multiple layers of protection that dynamically enforce legitimate applications usage HTTP authentication techniques such as digest and SSL client-side certificates can be used 29

30 Zero-Day Attacks Attacks that exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities can be especially dangerous because preventative measures cannot be taken in advance Countermeasures Install and keep antivirus software updated Block file attachments Employ a hardware or software firewall Enable heuristic scanning 30

31 Network Access Attacks Attacks using techniques such as spoofing, bridging, ACL attacks, and stack attacks attempt to pass through intended access control and routing policies Countermeasures An inspection network firewall that inspects data traffic for signs of attack or anomalous packets Use of NAT, network ACLs, and the detailed behavior of ARP, routing, and ICMP can be fully specified 31

32 TCP Fragmentation Fragmenting an attack into multiple TCP packets allows attackers to slip by devices that inspect only the packets and not the entire session Countermeasures Perform deep inspections throughout the entire session Incorporating packet and stream reassembly Use packet-filtering devices and firewall rules to thoroughly inspect the nature of the traffic directed at the Web server 32

33 Web Application Hacking Tools Instant Source Wget WebSleuth BlackWidow SiteScope WSDigger CookieDigger SSLDigger WindowBomb 33

34 Web Application Hacking Tools Figure 3-3 BlackWidow can mirror an entire Web site on a local hard drive 34

35 Web Application Hacking Tools Burp Intruder Burp Proxy Burp Suite curl dotdefender Acunetix Web Vulnerability Scanner AppScan AccessDiver NetBrute Scanner Suite 35

36 Web Application Hacking Tools Figure 3-4 Burp Proxy allows hex editing of intercepted traffic 36

37 Web Application Hacking Tools Figure 3-5 NetBrute scans for Windows file and print sharing resources 37

38 Web Application Hacking Tools Emsa Web Monitor KeepNI Paros Proxy WebScarab IBM Rational AppScan WebWatchBot Ratproxy 38

39 Summary Attacking Web applications is the easiest way to compromise hosts, networks, and users Until serious damage has been done, no one notices Web application penetration Web application vulnerabilities can be eliminated to a great extent by ensuring proper design specifications and coding practices as well as implementing common security procedures Various tools help the attacker to view source code and scan for security loopholes 39

40 Summary A cross-site scripting vulnerability is caused by the failure of a Web-based application to validate usersupplied input before returning it to the client system If the application accepts only expected input, the XSS can be significantly reduced 40

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