Information Communications Technology (CE-ICT) 6 th Class

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1 Information Communications Technology (CE-ICT) 6 th Class Lecture 2: Computer Concepts (Part A) Lecturer:

2 Objectives Hardware Concepts Types of Computer Components of a Computer System Computer Performance Memory and Storage Input and Output Devices Software Concepts Operating Systems Vs. Application Software System Development 2

3 What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that accepts data and instructions from a user, manipulates the data according to the instructions, displays the information in some way, and stores the information for retrieval later. 3

4 What is a Computer? An electronic device that accepts input, processes the data and instructions, produces output from the processing that is useful and meaningful and stores the results for future use. 4

5 How Does A Computer Know What To Do? It must be given a detailed set of instructions that tell it exactly what to do. These instructions are called a computer program, or software. 5

6 HARDWARE 6

7 Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor, etc. 7

8 Types of Computers The categories of computers are: Personal computers (PCs) Desktop computers Notebook (laptop) computers Tablet PCs Hand-held computers PDA (personal digital assistant) MP3 players Cell phones Mainframe computers Supercomputers 8

9 Types of Computers Personal Computers 9

10 Types of Computers Personal computers are used for general computing tasks. Hand-held computers fit in the palm of your hand and run on batteries. Mainframes are used by companies to provide centralized, storage, processing, and management for large amounts of data (e.g. servers in local networks). Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of computers, and can process an enormous volume of data. Are very expensive; and are used mainly for military and research applications, such as the nuclear reaction control etc. 10

11 Computer Systems A Computer is made up of: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor, etc. Software refers to the intangible components of a computer system, particularly the programs, or lists of instructions, the computer needs to perform a specific task; that make the computer work. For instance, when we type in words via the keyboard, the software is responsible for displaying the correct letters, in the correct place on the screen. The software is mainly held on our computer s hard disk and is loaded from the disk into the RAM. The design and construction of the hardware of a particular computer is referred to as its architecture or configuration The technical details about each component are called specifications 11

12 How a Computer Works A computer is an electronic device that: Accepts input Processes data Stores data Produces output 12

13 How a Computer Works The hardware, software, and you work together to complete tasks. 13

14 Input and Output The data or instructions you type into the computer are called input The result of the computer processing your input is referred to as output and also referred to as information. Peripheral devices accomplish input and output functions 14

15 The Main Parts of a Computer System Unit System Motherboard Central Process Unit (CPU) Computer Memory Hard Disk Input and Output Devices Peripheral Devises 15

16 System Unit Is the name given to the main PC box that houses the various parts that go together to make up the PC. For instance, within the system unit is the computer system s motherboard, which contains all the main components, such as the CPU. The system unit also houses items such as the hard disk and CD-ROM drivers. 16

17 System Motherboard The motherboard is the main electronic component of the computer Is the central printed circuit board (PCB) and holds many of the crucial components of the system, proving connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. 17

18 Central Process Unit (CPU) The CPU or just processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It is the primary element carrying out the computer s function. It is one of the most important components within your computer It determines how fast your computer will run and is measured by its GHz or MHz speed For example, a 2.4 GHz Pentium is much faster than a 400 MHz Pentium CPU It is the CPU that performs all the calculations within the computer 18

19 What the CPU does? The CPU is the brains within your computer It is responsible for logic control and carries out most of the calculations within the computer It ensures the smooth running of the operating system (e.g. Windows) as well as applications, such as word-processors, spreadsheets and databases The CPU speed largely determines the speed of the computer and is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) 19

20 Computer Memory There are two types of memory within a computer. Random Access Memory (RAM) The RAM is where the operating system is loaded and also where your applications are copied to when you load an application, such as a word processor or database program Read Only Memory (ROM) The ROM-BIOS (Basic Input Output System) chip is a special chip held on your computer's system (mother) board. It contains software that is required to make your computer work with your operating system 20

21 RAM Random Access Memory RAM - Random Access Memory The main 'working' memory used by the computer When the operating system loads from disk when you first switch on the computer, it is copied into RAM As a rough rule, a Microsoft Windows based computer will operate faster if you install more RAM. Data and programs stored in RAM are volatile (i.e. the information is lost when you switch off the computer) 21

22 ROM Read Only Memory ROM Read Only Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) as the name suggests is a special type of memory chip that holds software that can be read but not written to A good example is the ROM-BIOS chip, which contains read-only software Often network cards and video cards also contain ROM chips 22

23 Hard Disk Hard disks are the main, large data storage area within your computer They are used to store your operating system, your application programs (i.e. your word processor, games etc) and your data They are much faster than CD-ROMs and floppy disks and can also hold much more data 23

24 Input Devices Input devices allow us to input information to the computer. You use an input device, such as a keyboard or a mouse, to input data and issue commands Keyboard Ergonomic Pointing device Controls the pointer Mouse Scroll wheel Trackball Touch pad Pointing stick Scanner 24

25 Input Devices Devices for inputting data Keyboard Mouse Trackball Scanner Touchpad Stylus Light pen Joysticks Web camera Digital camera Microphone 25

26 Output Devices Output devices show you the results of processing data Monitor Flat panel LCD CRT Printer Laser Inkjet Dot matrix 26

27 Output Devices Common output devices Screen Monitor Plotter Printer Projector Speakers Headphones 27

28 Input and Output Devices Touch Screen Modem 28

29 Peripheral Devices A peripheral device is any device that you can attach to your computer You can attach a scanner, printer, data projector, speakers etc. to your system unit 29

30 Computer Performance Factors affecting the computer performance CPU speed (measured in MHz or GHz) RAM size (the more RAM memory we have the faster the PC will appear to operate) Hard disk speed and capacity Number of applications running 30

31 How Information is Stored Memory consist of switches which can be either on or off - Off=0 On=1 Each on/off switch is called a bit Eight bits make up a byte Each byte represents a unique character. It takes one byte to store a character Character can be letter, space, punctuation, etc. ASCII code used 31

32 Storage Capacity Measurement Units Bit Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = approximately 1000 characters Megabyte (MB) = approximately 1 million characters Gigabyte (GB) = approximately 1 billion characters Terabyte (TB) = approximately 1 trillion characters 32

33 Bits and Bytes Bit single 0 or 1 Byte 8 bits 1 character 1 Byte = 8 bits 1 KB = 1024 bytes 1 MB = 1024 KB 1 GB = 1024 MB 1 TB = 1024 GB 33

34 Bigger Bytes! Kilobyte (Kb) Terabyte (Tb) Megabyte (Mb) Gigabyte (Gb) Put them in order of size (smallest first) 34

35 Storage Devices Non-Removable Internal Hard Disk Removable External Hard Disk Network Drive Compact Disk (CD) Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) USB Flash Drive Memory Card Online Files Storage 35

36 SOFTWARE 36

37 Software is the instructions and data that direct the computer to accomplish the task. It can refer to a single program or a package. 37

38 Distinguish Between Operating Systems Software The operating system is a special type of program that loads automatically when you start your computer. The operating system allows you to use the advanced features of a modern computer without having to learn all the details of how the hardware works. Applications Software An application program is the type of program that you use once the operating system has been loaded. Examples include: Word-processing programs Spreadsheets Databases Presentations Electronic Mail 38

39 Main Functions of an Operating System It is essential for the computer to work. It is the link between the hardware and the user; it helps the user to communicate with the computer and vice versa. Makes the computer easy to use without having to understand bits and bytes! It translates the instructions of the user into the computer s language (binary). It controls all the input and output devices. It passes the control from one program to another. It provides error messages to the user. 39

40 Common Operating Systems Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows ME Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10 Linux Unix IBM OS ios/mac OS Android 40

41 An application software/program is the type of program that you use once the operating system has been loaded. It helps the user carry out a variety of tasks. It enables user to perform specific tasks. Application software includes: Word Processing programs for producing letters and memos Spreadsheets programs for preparing accounts and working with numbers Databases for organizing large amounts of information Graphics programs for producing pictures and advertisements Software Applications 41

42 Versions of Software Applications Microsoft Office 95 Microsoft Office 97 Microsoft Office 2000 Microsoft Office 2002 Microsoft Office 2003 Microsoft Office 2007 Microsoft Office 2010 Microsoft Office 2013 Microsoft Office 2016 MS Word MS Excel MS PowerPoint MS Access 42

43 The Difference Between Operating Systems Software The operating system cooperate closely with the hardware installed in the computer. It translates the input via the mouse or keyboard and outputs data to the screen Applications Software The application programs sit above the operating system and make use of the functionality build into it. They are specific to a particular task. For example, MS Word is designed as a word processing programs, while MS Excel is a spreadsheet program. 43

44 The Systems Development Four key stages/methodologies for defining a systems development cycle: Analysis (the needs of the computer users must be analyzed. If the system is feasible to be produced, economically, technologically, socially) Design (system designing on paper from the programmer) Programming (the paper design will be converted into actual computer programs) Testing (involves the introduction and training of the new system to the users) 44

45 Agenda for Next Lecture Networks Network Types Data Transfer ICT in Everyday Life Electronic Word Communication Virtual Communities Health Environment Security Identity/Authentication Data Security Viruses Law Copyright Data Protection 45

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