Computers in Business: Concepts in Hardware and Software
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1 Computers in Business: Concepts in and Software University for Development Studies (UDS) January 31, 2012
2 NB: Listen to what I say, What matters is not what is in the notes. Assignments are very essential TRY questions are optional, BUT very important. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
3 Assignment: 1 History of Computers (1 page). Class Quiz: Mention two components of the computer you think are very essential, and explain why. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
4 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard What is a Computer? Electronic Mechanical Accepts user input(s) Performs computation on the input and produces output accordingly (Garbage in Garbage out). What is a Computer System? Made up of Software and People (Users) TRY: What are the various types of computers, and how do they differ from each other? January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
5 System Components Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard Processor: Reads instructions from Memory and executes them. Always faster than Main Memory (RAM) Components of Processor: Registers (Accumulators) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit Input/Output Interfaces Other concepts relating to Processor include: Clock: No. of PULSES per second that sets the tempo for the processor Cache: Small but fast memory close to the processor. Bus: Size determines the amount of data that can be transferred (16 bit,32 bit, 64 bit etc. ) January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
6 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard TRY: Pipeline: Multiple instructions are overlapped during execution. 1 How do you pick a processor for your system? What factors will you consider? 2 What relationship exist between the speed of a processor and the performance of the computer? Main Memory: Storage for Programs and data Bandwidth is proportional to system bus speed (size) Packaged in slots on the Motherboard January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
7 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard Types of Memory: 1 Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Made up of capacitors. Needs to be refreshed always.has 1 Read Port and 1 Write Port (only 1 of them is operational at a time). Extended DataOut DRAM (EDORAM): Enhanced for a pipeline processor access Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): Load/Store can only occur on positive clock edge Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM):Allows activation of output operation during both rising and falling clock edges. Doubles the Speed of operation. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM): Can support very high bus speeds. 2 Static RAM: Made up of Flip-Flops. Larger,faster with lower access time than DRAM. Expensive. Used as Cache memory 3 Video DRAM (VRAM): Has two ports, one for reading and the other for Mensah writing Kwabena topatrick output. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
8 Non-Volatile Memory Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard 1 Mask Programmed ROM: Hardcode memory content onto some logic cct. A mask is created to represent the binary content of the memory, then a photo-lithography process is used to etch the image to a logic cct. 2 Programmable ROM (PROM): Allows the programming of a blank device with some image. Once the image is etched, changes are not possible. 3 Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): Device is read only when in use as memory Can be erased (eg. The first EPROM was erasable by exposure to ultraviolet light). 4 Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM): Supports both total and selective erasure by electrical cct. Has a number of times it is allowed to be erased. eg. Flash Memory. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
9 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard 5 Magnetic Disk: A collection of magnetic coated circular rotating platters To encode a single binary digit, the disk head is placed above the platter and used to magnetize a region on the platter surface. The magnetic field is aligned in different ways in order to encode 1 or 0. To read the info, the disk head is placed n the same position, the magnetic field on the platter induces current in the disk head to be relayed back as binary data. A disk is made up of Platters which are made up of Tracks which are made up of Sectors containing the binary data Each platter has a dedicated disk head. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
10 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
11 Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard Access latency is determined by: Seek Time: How quickly the disk head can be moved to the right track. Rotational Latency: How quickly the right sector arrives under the disk head as the disk spins. TRY: What are the performance parameters of a Hard Disk? January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
12 OPTICAL DISCS: Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard Info is encoded as binary digits by making indentations on the surface of the disc in the form of Pits and Lands. Info is read by positioning a laser head over the required region and firing it at the surface. The reflection from both pits and lands are phase shifted. This phase shifting id detected by a device which converts it to binary data. Egs of Optical Discs include: Compact Disc (CD) Read Only Memory (ROM) Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Read Only Memory (ROM) Compact Disc Read Write Memory (CDRW) January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
13 Mother Board Assignment Processor Memory Types Disks- Magnetic and Optical Motherboard Holds all the major components of the computer. item Made up of a Chip Set called Glue Logic, some code in ROM and Interconnections (Buses). The Motherboard contains the following: Expansion slots: Holds cards such as Graphics card, Sound Card, ect. CPU: Inserted into a socket on the motherboard. Coprocessor: Special purpose microprocessor that takes some of the processor functions. Most coprocessors are maths processors, current CPUs have their coprocessors built in. Main Memory (RAM) Support cct of chipset for interrupts. : Basic Input Output System stored on the ROM and necessary for Mensah booting. Kwabena Patrick January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
14 TRY: What is Form Factor of a Motherboard and what are the different types? What are the upgradable parts on the Motherboard? : For boot up. Check CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) set up. POST (Power On Self Test). Initiate bootrap sequence. Configuration: System Date/Time Boot Sequence Plug and Play Device settings Drive Configurations Security Power Management January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
15 Steps in the Boot process 1 Power on PC. CPU resets itself. CPU looks for ROM. invokes POST to check the fitness of your computer. 2 POST goes to CMOS RAM to determine the kind of components in your PC. If a component is faulty, m/c will display error (and beep). 3 Else, ROM look in Boot Sector of Hard disk to find the Boot Loader program for your OS. It loads the file into Main Memory and let your OS take control. Else, an error message is displayed. 4 The OS configures your system (Loads hardware drivers) to facilitate the use of peripheral devices. 5 Your PC is now ready. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
16 Components of a Computer Components of Computer Computer = Processor + Memory + I /O + Interfaces January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
17 Processor Processor = Datapath + Control January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
18 Datapath Datapath = DataMemory + RegisterFile + ALU January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
19 Control Control = Instr.Memory + PC + Instr.Register + ControlUnit January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
20 Instruction Processing- 5 Cycles (MIPS) 1.Fetch: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
21 Instruction Processing- 5 Cycles (MIPS) 2.Decode and Increment. PC: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
22 Instruction Processing- 5 Cycles (MIPS) 3.Read Operands into RF: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
23 Instruction Processing- 5 Cycles (MIPS) 4.Execute in ALU: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
24 Instruction Processing- 5 Cycles (MIPS) 5. Write Back: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
25 Memory Hierarchy January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
26 TRY: Assignment 1 Where is the CPU located? 2 Compare the likely costs for the different memories. 3 Explain the concept of Virtual Memory? January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
27 An OS is a collection of system software that coordinates between the hardware, provides a platform for softwares to run on and provides the user with an interface for command inputs.eg. DOS, Linux, Unix, Windows, MAC, OS/2, Minix, and many more. The governmental systems like Postal system, Railway System are analogous to s. Objectives of an OS: Controls the execution of application programs. Convenience of Users. Manages the resources associated with a computer. Acts as an interface between applications and computer hardware. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
28 Basic Functions of an OS: Process Management Managing the programs that are running. Memory Management Managing and rationing the memory between processes and data. Storage Management Managing the permanent Storage of data on disks or other media I/O Management Managing the input and output Device / Resource Management Managing devices and resources and allowing the users to share the resources Security and Protection Protecting the parts of the system against damage (eg. Firewall). Booting the System and getting it ready to work. Data communications Providing interface to connect to other computers or allowing others to connect January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
29 OS as an Interface January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
30 Components of OS: January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
31 1 User The system representation of the human operator who requests for services. 2 Application Software Special software to help the user do his task (E.g.. MS Word) 3 Shell The program that interprets the commands or requests given by the user and gets the job done by the kernel. 4 Kernel The core of the operating system. It uses the hardware to do the jobs required by the user or the system. It coordinates among the hardware and interfaces it with the above layers. 5 System Software Software that can access the hardware directly and generally provides various system services. (E.g.. The kernel itself, device drivers etc.). 6 The set of electronic devices that work together to ultimately do the job required by all the upper levels. January 31, 2012: Concepts in and Software
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