10/30/2016. How Do We Write Instructions? ECE 120: Introduction to Computing. Put Bits into Memory, Then Execute the Bits
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1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE 120: Introduction to Computing Instructions Illustrated How Do We Write Instructions? Previously, we looked at some instruction and talked about executing instructions. It s natural to wonder: How did those get there? Similarly, when making a peanut butter sandwich: Why was the bag closed? Where did the bread come from? Why was it whole wheat bread? ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 1 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 2 Put Bits into Memory, Then Execute the Bits Let s Illustrate LC-3 Instruction Processing All perfectly valid questions, but be patient! Our model of programming: Place into locations (you ll see how in the lab, and later in class). Then tell the LC-3 to interpret our as instructions. We can also put data in. But be careful! The LC-3 can t tell the difference between instructions and data. Both are. Let s execute the LC-3 for a few cycles and see how it works. We ll show a few pieces of the datapath: PC and IR MAR and MDR ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 3 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 4
2 What s in the Blank Boxes? Why are Some Values in Hex? R x1230 Bits! (not blanks!) PC x3000 IR MAR MDR For us humans (only). R x1230 Computers always use. PC x3000 IR MAR MDR ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 5 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 6 Fetch #1: MAR PC, PC PC + 1 Fetch #2: MDR M[MAR] R x1230 PC x3000 IR MAR MDR x3001 x R x1230 PC x3001 IR MAR x3000 MDR x670a ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 7 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 8
3 Fetch #3: IR MDR DECODE, then EXECUTE R x1230 PC x3001 IR MAR x3000 MDR x670a x670a These are the instruction to R be 0000decoded x1230 and executed. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 9 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 10 Let s Decode the Instruction The IR has x670a. In, that s destination base 6-bit 2 s complement opcode register register offset LDR, R4, x0a Which means what? Let s decode it. M[R4 + x000a] What is the address? The LC-3 Reads the Bits from R Look at the stored in R4. R x1230 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 11 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 12
4 Let s Calculate the Memory Address M[R4 + x000a] R4 is x1230. Adding x000a, we obtain? x123a What is stored at address x123a? The LC-3 Reads Memory at x123a 16 Here is address x123a. 16 R x1230 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 13 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 14 The LC-3 Stores x0f0f into M[R4 + x000a] R4 is x1230. Adding x000a, we obtain? x123a What is stored at address x123a? x0f0f So the LC-3 stores x0f0f into. The LC-3 Stores x0f0f into x0f0f R x1230 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 15 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 16
5 What s Next? Fetch #1: MAR PC, PC PC Fetch another instruction! x0f0f R x x0f0f R x1230 x3002 x3001 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 17 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 18 Fetch #2: MDR M[MAR] Fetch #3: IR MDR x0f0f R x1230 Not shown, but say it s x16c3. PC x3002 IR x670a MAR x3001 MDR x670a x16c x0f0f R x1230 PC x3002 IR x670a MAR x3001 MDR x16c3 x16c3 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 19 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 20
6 DECODE, then EXECUTE Let s Decode the Instruction These are the instruction to x0f0f R be 0000decoded x1230 and executed. The IR has x16c3. In, that s destination source source opcode register register 1 register ADD,, Which means what? Let s decode it. + Add to, storing the sum back into. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 21 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 22 The LC-3 Stores x1e1e into What s Next? x0f0f x1e1e R x x1e1e R x1230 Fetch another instruction! Life is not so exciting for LC-3 processors ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 23 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 24
7 Fetch #1: MAR PC, PC PC + 1 Fetch #2: MDR M[MAR] x1e1e R x1230 x3003 x x1e1e R x1230 Not shown, but say it s x770a. PC x3003 IR x16c3 MAR x3002 MDR x16c3 x770a ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 25 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 26 Fetch #3: IR MDR DECODE, then EXECUTE x1e1e R x1230 PC x3003 IR x16c3 MAR x3002 MDR x770a x770a These are the instruction to x1e1e R be 0000decoded x1230 and executed. PC x3003 IR x770a MAR x3002 MDR x770a ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 27 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 28
8 Let s Decode the Instruction The IR has x770a. In, that s source base 6-bit 2 s complement opcode register register offset STR, R4, x0a Which means what? Let s decode it. M[R4 + x000a] What is the address? The LC-3 Reads the Bits from R x1e1e Look at the stored in R4. R x1230 PC x3003 IR x770a MAR x3002 MDR x770a ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 29 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 30 Let s Calculate the Memory Address M[R4 + x000a] R4 is x1230. Adding x000a, we obtain? x123a So the LC-3 stores the in to address x123a. The LC-3 Writes x1e1e to Memory Address x123a x1e1e x1e1e R x1230 PC x3003 IR x770a MAR x3002 MDR x770a ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 31 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 32
9 What s Next? Computers Just Execute Instructions x1e1e For the LC-3, x123a x1e1e R x1230 fetch another instruction! But as for us, we re done. What does that instruction sequence do? Multiplies the value at address x123a by 2 (shifts it left by 1 bit). What if held something important before we executed those instructions? Too bad. Those are gone. The programmer controls the computer. The computer just does what it s told. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 33 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 34
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