Information Technology Essentials
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1 Information Technology Essentials Thomas Malone Copyright 25 Thomas Malone, Chris Dellarocas, Stuart Madnick Acknowledgments: Slides marked are adapted from Stuart Madnick, MIT. Slides marked CD are adapted from Chris Dellarocas, U. Md.
2 Why bother? Why should you, as a manager, care about information technology?
3 Buzzwords????????????????????????????
4 Buzzwords Technological reality
5 Main Course Objectives Become comfortable with the technologies that are shaping business today Acquire tools that will help you assess technological trends long after you have left Sloan CD
6 Course overview Technology Applications of Technology
7 A Typical Computer Keyboard Mouse Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Monitor Laser printer CD
8 A Simplified Computer INPUT/OUTPUT INPUT CONVEYOR OUTPUT CONVEYOR LITTLE MAN CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD
9 INPUT/OUTPUT IN REGISTER 421 STORE OUT CALCULATOR LOAD BLACKBOARD There are 1 locations on the blackboard Each location identified by number from to 99 Each location has room for one 3-digit number Load moves number from blackboard to register. Example: LOAD 01 Store moves number from register to blackboard. Example: STORE
10 INPUT/OUTPUT IN GET REGISTER OUT PUT CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD INPUT/OUTPUT Input and Output conveyors hold 3-digit numbers GET moves number from INPUT to REGISTER PUT moves number from REGISTER to OUTPUT
11 INPUT/OUTPUT IN REGISTER OUT CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD /CALCULATOR Register has room for one 3-digit number Calculator can add and subtract numbers from memory to register Examples: ADD 02 SUBTRACT 03
12 LMC INSTRUCTIONS INPUT/OUTPUT IN OUT GET PUT REGISTER CALCULATOR - LOAD ADD SUB STORE BLACKBOARD 1. Get 2. Put 3. Load x (Load 01) 4. Store x (Store 05) 5. Add x (Add 02) 6. Sub x (Sub 03) 7. Stop
13 SYMBOLIC LMC ADDRESSES INPUT/OUTPUT IN REGISTER Label Loc Contents OUT CALCULATOR - WAGE BONUS PAY EXAMPLE INSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Optional 2-digit 3-digit Calculate Pay = Wage + Bonus number number (permanent) (optional) 1. Load Wage 2. Add Bonus 3. Store Pay 4. Stop
14 Program to: 1) Read WAGE and BONUS amount from INPUT 2) Compute total PAY 3) Output total PAY INPUT/OUTPUT REGISTER IN BONUS WAGE OUT CALCULATOR Label WAGE BONUS PAY Loc Contents STEP INSTRUCTION STEP INSTRUCTION
15 LMC STORED PROGRAM CONCEPTS INPUT/OUTPUT IN OUT Program 0. Get 1. Store Add Put 4. Stop REGISTER CALCULATOR Label Loc Contents ISSUES: Where is LMC program stored? How does LMC understand instructions like STOP? It only likes numbers. How does LMC handle symbolic labels like A, B, C? ANSWERS (Stored Program Concept):
16 LMC MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE INPUT/OUTPUT IN OUT INSTRUCTIONS opcode symbolic 0 stop 1xx add 2xx subtract 3xx store 5xx load 901 get 902 put 1 ASSEMBLY LANG (Source Program) STEP INSTRUCTION get 01 store w 02 get 03 store b 04 load w add b put stop CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD 2 MACHINE LANG (Object Program) LOC INSTRUCTION w b
17 INSTRUCTION SEQUENCING INPUT/OUTPUT IN OUT INSTRUCTIONS opcode symbolic 0 stop 1xx add 2xx subtract 3xx store 5xx load 901 get 902 put NEXT INSTRUCTION COUNTER INSTRUCTION SEQUENCING 1 0 START BUTTON LOOK AT COUNTER 2. GET THAT INSTRUCTION 3. PERFORM THAT INSTRUCTION 4. PULL COUNTER CORD (REPEAT) CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD
18 INSTRUCTION SEQUENCING INPUT/OUTPUT IN OUT NEXT INSTRUCTION COUNTER START BUTTON CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD CONTROL FLOW BRANCH always puts a new address in the instruction counter BRANCH ZERO puts a new address in the instruction counter if the REGISTER is 0. Otherwise it increases the instruction counter by 1. Examples: BRANCH 02 BRANCH ZERO 06
19 INPUT/OUTPUT IN INSTRUCTIONS OUT NEXT INSTRUCTION COUNTER START BUTTON opcode symbolic 0 stop 1xx add 2xx subtract 3xx store 5xx load 6xx branch 7xx branch zero opcode symbolic 901 get 902 put CALCULATOR BLACKBOARD So what are: MIPS and MHz all about?
20 LMC ANSWERS 1. (A) BASIC UNIT (B) MAXIMUM SIZE BASIC FACTS TO ASK ABOUT ANY COMPUTER 3 DECIMAL DIGIT NUMBER 1 LOCATIONS 2. REGISTERS (A) HOW MANY 1 (B) NUMBERS 3 DECIMAL DIGIT NUMBER 3. INSTRUCTIONS (A) NUMBER 7 INSTRUCTIONS
21 INTEL PENTIUM 4 ANSWERS 1. (A) INDUSTRY 8 BINARY DIGITS (BITS) = 1 BYTE BASIC UNIT 8 BITS (B) BASIC UNIT (C) TYPICAL SIZE 2. REGISTERS (A) HOW MANY (B) NUMBERS 32 BITS = 4 BYTES RAM: 128 MB 1GB ABOUT 50 REGISTERS VARIOUS TYPES 3. INSTRUCTIONS (A) NUMBER ABOUT 5
22 Conclusions 1. There are many detailed facts about computers. 2. Many of them will change every year of your career. 3. You will never know them all. 4. That s okay. 5. What you need to know is: What kinds of questions to ask How to make sense of the answers. 6. The basic concepts you have learned today will be useful for a long time.
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