Course Content. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 1 BK TP.HCM
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1 Course Content Course Overview Process Concepts Processes Scheduling Processes Synchronization Deadlocks & Problems solving Real Memory Virtual Memory I/O Management Files system Some modern OS Examples 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 1
2 General Overview Introduction Computer system stucture Definition Main Funtionalities of an OS History of Computer Development Mainframe systems Desktop systems Multiprocessor systems Distributed systems Real-time systems Handheld systems 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 2
3 Structure of a Computer System 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 3
4 Definition What is Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware What is Operating System for? Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner Users Applications Operating System Hardware 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 4
5 Definition (cont..) OS is a resource allocator Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use OS is a control program Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer Users Applications Operating System Hardware 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 5
6 Main Funtionalities of OS Process Management Memory Management Storage Management Mass-Storage Management To provide effective and user friendly services 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 6
7 History of its Development First Generation: vacuum tubes, plug boards Second Generation: transistors, batch systems Third Generation: ICs and multiprogramming Fourth Generation: PC (Personal Computer, Networked Computers) Fifth Generation: Parallel Computers, Super Computers Sixth Generation: 2000 today Grid Computing, Cloud Computing (internet, Services ) 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 7
8 History Mainframes Batch System Multiprogrammed System Time-sharing, multitasking System 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 8
9 Mainframe computer in 1967 Modern Mainframe Computer IBM System/360 Mainframe Computer 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 9
10 Mainframe (Mainframe) Batch systems I/O: Punch cards, Magnetic, line printer Operated by humain being (user operator) To reduce the setup time by adding up many jobs in one go (one after the other as batching) Example: adding up all programs which use the same Fortran Compiler. Programs are automatically loaded into the system, one by one. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 10
11 Model of a batch sytem Early batch system: bring cards to 1401 read cards to tape put tape on 7094 which does computing put tape on 1401 which prints output 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 11
12 How is program run? Structure of a typical FMS job 2 nd generation 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 12
13 How are programs run? Multiprogrammed systems Many programs (Jobs) are loaded into main memory. CPU exercution is share between programs (jobs) To get the best of CPU utilization The roles of OS: Jobs scheduling: to choose the proper one fromm jobs pool (on the mass storage disk) to bee loaded into memory for exercution. Memory management CPU scheduling Resources allocation Protection 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 13
14 Multiple Jobs (tt.) 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 14
15 Multiple Jobs (tt.) Time-sharing systems Multiprogrammed systems does not work well with users in term of interaction CPU used interchangable between jobs time slice, quantum time for each job when gain the CPU Interactive interface user with higher response time (about 1 sesond) Job can obtains CPU only when located in main memory. Whenever required a job can be swapped out, moving from main memory to the storage device, providing memory space for another jobs. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 15
16 Multiple Jobs (tt.) OS requirement in time-sharing systems Memory management Virtual memory Process management CPU Scheduling Jobs (tasks) synchronization Tasks communication Solving deadlock problems File system & Storage system management, Resources allocation properly Protection) 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 16
17 Desktop Desktop Computers (desktop system, personal computer) Diversity of I/O devices such as Keyboard, Mouse, Screen, Printer, and Networks Personal Computers. Convenient use with high interaction with the users. CPU utilization is not necessary the top priority as in Mainfraime. Goals Diversity of OS MS Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux,. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 17
18 Parallel Computers Parallel systems (parallel, multiprocessor, or tightly-coupled system) More than one CPU (Multi-Cores) Share the common computer bus, clock Advantages: System throughput: more CPU Faster proceesing Effective use of system resources by sharing such as disks, I/O devices Reliability: high 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 18
19 Cray supercomputer Cray-1 supercomputer 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 19
20 Parallel Computer (cont.) Classification of parallel systems Symmetric multiprocessor SMP Each processor run by one of identical copy of OS Communication as required to share jobs Asymmetric-multiprocessor Each processor executes its own jobs that my be different A Master processor schedules and distributes jobs to all others called slave processors 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 20
21 Distributed Systems Distributed systems (distributed system, loosely-coupled system) Each processor acts as a completed system with its own memory. Communication done via networks, high speed bus, or leased line Users act with as a unique computer system Advantages: Resource sharing Computational sharing High reliability High availability: Systems services are provided uninterrupted, although there are some failures of hardware parts. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 21
22 Distributed Systems (cont.) Common distributed system models: Client-server Server: to provide services Client: use of services provide by servers 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 22
23 Distributed Systems (cont.). Peer-to-peer (P2P) No distinguish among computer nodes Each computer can be both server and client No common Data Center Peers are with autonomy Example: Gnutella (Napster is not a real P2P system) 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 23
24 Real Time Systems Real-time system used in indudtry and equipements such as in sientific devices, medicine, appliances and space technology Time constraint: hard and soft real-time Classification Hard real-time Soft real-time 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 24
25 Handheld Systems Handheld system: Personal digital assistant (PDA): Palm, Pocket-PC Cellular phones Characteristics: Small memory size (512 KB MB) Not high processor Speed(Battery problem) Small size screen with lower solution. Use communication technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, wireless, etc.. 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 25
26 General System Model by Dror G. Feitelson 07-Feb-17 Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering 26
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