Coordinated Multi-Point in Mobile Communications

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1 Coordinated Multi-Point in Mobile Communications From Theory to Practice Edited by PATRICK MARSCH Nokia Siemens Networks, Wroctaw, Poland GERHARD P. FETTWEIS Technische Universität Dresden, Germany Pf CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Nomenclature and Notation V a 9 e xn i xvii xviii xxiv Part I Motivation and Basics 1 1 Introduction Motivation Aim of this Book Classes of CoMP Considered Outline of this Book 6 2 An Operator's Point of View The Mobile Internet - A Success Story so far Requirements on Future Networks and Upcoming Challenges The Role of CoMP The Role of Field Trials 10 3 Information-Theoretic Basics Observed Cellular Scenarios Usage of OFDMA for Broadband Wireless Communications Multi-Point Frequency-Flat Baseband Model Considered Uplink Transmission Basic Uplink Capacity Bounds Full Cooperation in the Uplink No Cooperation in the Uplink Numerical Example Downlink Transmission Basic Downlink Capacity Bounds Full Cooperation in the Downlink No Cooperation in the Downlink Numerical Example 23

3 vi Contents 3.6 Summary 24 4 Gains and Trade-Offs of Multi-Cell Joint Signal Processing Modeling Imperfect Channel State Information (CSI) Imperfect CSI in the Uplink Imperfect CSI in the Downlink Gain of Joint Signal Processing under Imperfect CSI Trade-Offs in Uplink Multi-Cell Joint Signal Processing Different Information Exchange and Cooperation Schemes Numerical Results Parallels between Theory and Practical Cooperation Schemes Degrees of Freedom in Downlink Joint Signal Processing Summary 38 Part II Practical CoMP Schemes 39 5 CoMP Schemes Based on Interf.-Aware Transceivers or Interf. Coord DL Multi-User Beamforming with IRC Introduction Downlink System Model Linear Receivers Imperfect Channel Estimation Resource Allocation and Fair User Selection Single-Cell Performance Multi-Cell Performance under Perfect CSI Multi-Cell Performance under Imperfect CSI Summary Uplink Joint Scheduling and Cooperative Interference Prediction Interference-Aware Joint Scheduling Cooperative Interference Prediction Practical Considerations Applicability of Both Schemes to the Downlink Summary Downlink Coordinated Beamforming Introduction Single Receive Antenna at the Terminal Multiple Receive Antennas at the Terminal Summary 80 6 CoMP Schemes Based on Multi-Cell Joint Signal Processing Uplink Centralized Joint Detection Introduction Joint Detection Algorithms 82

4 Contents vii Local BS Processing with Limited Backhaul Constraint Local or Partial Decoding with Limited Backhaul Constraint Provisions for Uplink Joint Processing in WiMax and LTE Summary Uplink Decentralized Joint Detection Practical Decentralized Interference Cancelation Scheme Performance Assessment Summary DL Distributed CoMP Approaching Centralized Joint Transmission System Model Theoretical Limits for Static Clustering and DPC Practical (Linear) Precoding Scheme for Distributed, Centralized Joint Transmission Summary Downlink Decentralized Multi-User Transmission Decentralized Beamforming with Limited CSIT Multi-cell Beamforming with Limited Data Sharing Summary 136 Part III Challenges Connected to CoMP Clustering Static Clustering Concepts Non-Overlapping Clusters Overlapping Clusters Resulting Geometries Self-Organizing Clustering Concepts Self-Organizing Network Concepts in 3GPP LTE Adaptive Clustering Algorithms Simulation Results Signaling and Control Procedures Summary Synchronization Synchronization Concepts Synchronization Terminology Network Synchronization Satellite-Based Synchronization Endogenous Distributed Wireless Carrier Synchronization Summary Imperfect Sync in Time: Perf. Degradation and Compensation MIMO OFDM Transmission with Asynchronous Interference Interf.-Aware Multi-User Joint Detection and Transmission 176

5 viii Contents System Level SINR Analysis Summary Imperfect Sync in Frequency: Perf. Degradation and Compensation Downlink Analysis Uplink Analysis Summary Channel Knowledge Channel Estimation for CoMP Channel Estimation - Single Link Channel Estimation for CoMP Multi-Cell Channel Estimation Uplink Channel Estimation Summary Channel State Information Feedback to the Transmitter Transmission Model Sum-Rate Performance Measure Channel Vector Quantization (CVQ) Minimum Euclidean Distance Based CVQ Maximum SINR Based CVQ Pseudo-Maximum SINR based CVQ Application to Zero-Forcing (ZF) Precoding Resource Allocation Simulation Results Summary Efficient and Robust Algorithm Implementation Robust and Flexible Base Station Precoding Implementation System Model Transmit Filter Eigendecomposition Transmit Filter Computations The Order-Recursive Filter in Details Example: SINR as Function of the Condition Number Summary Low-Complexity Terminal-Side Receiver Implementation Introduction to Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) IRC with Known Channel and Interference Covariance Implementation Losses from Imperfect Channel Estimation Losses from Spatial Interf.-and-Noise Covariance Estimation Losses from Channel and Interference Estimation Errors Summary 241

6 Contents ix 11 Scheduling, Signaling and Adaptive Usage of CoMP Centralized Scheduling for CoMP Introduction System Model Centralized Scheduling Problems Analyses and Results Summary Decentralized Radio Link Control and Inter-BS Signaling Resource Allocation Link Adaptation Radio Link Measurements Uplink Power Control Uplink Timing Advance HARQ-related Timing Constraints for UL CoMP Handover Inter-BS Signaling Summary Ad-hoc CoMP Introduction Ad-Hoc CoMP With More Accurate CSI Ad-Hoc CoMP with CSI Impairments Ad-Hoc CoMP and HARQ Summary Backhaul Fund. Limits of Interf. Mitigation with Limited Backhaul Coop Introduction Uplink Scenario: Receiver Cooperation Downlink Scenario: Transmitter Cooperation UL-DL Reciprocity and Generalized Degrees of Freedom Summary Backhaul Requirements of Practical CoMP Schemes Types of Backhaul Data and Scaling Laws Specific Backhaul Requirements of Exemplary CoMP Schemes Backhaul Latency Requirements Backhaul Topology Considerations Summary CoMP Backhaul Infrastructure Concepts Ethernet Passive Optical Network Digital Subscriber Line Microwave The X2 Interface Backhaul Topology Concepts 307

7 x Contents Summary 310 Part IV Performance Assessment Field Trial Results Real-time Impl. and Trials of Adv. Receivers and UL CoMP Real-time Implementation and Lab Tests Uplink Successive Interference Cancelation (SIC) Receiver Uplink Macro Diversity Trials with Distributed RRHs Summary Assessing the Gain of Uplink CoMP in a Large-Scale Field Trial Measurement Setup Signal Processing Architecture and Evaluation Concept Noise Estimation Channel Equalization Field Trial Results Summary Real-time Implementation and Field Trials for Downlink CoMP Introduction Enabling Features Real-time Implementation Field Trials Summary Predicting Pract. Achievable DL CoMP Gains over Larger Areas Setup and Closed-Loop System Design Measurement and Evaluation Methodology Measurement Campaign Summary Lessons Learnt Through Field Trials Performance Prediction of CoMP in Large Cellular Systems Simulation and Link-2-System Mapping Methodology General Simulation Assumptions and Modeling Channel Models and Antenna Models Transceiver Techniques Link-to-System Interface Key Performance Indicators Summary Obtaining Chn. Model Params. via Chn. Sounding or Ray-Tracing Large-Scale-Parameters Measurement-based Parameter Estimation Ray-Tracing based Parameter Simulation Comparison between Measurements and Ray-Tracing 382

8 Contents xi Summary Uplink Simulation Results Compared Schemes Simulation Assumptions and Parameters Backhaul Traffic Simulation Results Summary Downlink Simulation Results Compared Schemes Simulation Assumptions and Parameters Detailed Analysis of Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming Backhaul Traffic Simulation Results Summary 408 Part V Outlook and Conclusions Outlook Using CoMP for Terminal Localization Localization based on the Signal Propagation Delay Further Localization Methods Localization in B3G Standards Summary Relay-Assisted Mobile Communication using CoMP Introduction Reference Scenario System and Protocol Description Trade-Offs in Relay Networks Numerical Evaluation of CoMP and Relaying Cost/Benefit Trade-Off Energy/Benefit Trade-Off Computation/Transmission Power Trade-Off Summary Next Generation Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Introduction Classical Cellular Network Planning and Optimization Physical Characterization of Capacity Gains through CoMP Summary Energy-Efficiency Aspects of CoMP System Model Effective Transmission Rates Backhauling Energy Consumption of Cellular Base Stations 449

9 xii Contents System Evaluation Summary Summary and Conclusions Summary of this Book Most Promising CoMP Schemes and Potential Gains Key Challenges Identified Conclusions About this Book CoMP's Place in the LTE-Advanced Roadmap and Beyond 460 References 461 Index 479

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