Please note that CNE 216 is a brand new course that has never been taught on the George campus; it will be taught for the first time in the fall of

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1 Please note that CNE 216 is a brand new course that has never been taught on the George campus; it will be taught for the first time in the fall of The materials for this course are still being developed. Draft versions of approximately a quarter to a third of the course materials have been created thus far; they are being included here. Please keep in mind that these are works in progress and very well may change before the class is actually taught. No tests have been created yet, but there have been test banks created for the first six chapters. All questions in these test banks were created at the Delaware Technical Community College George campus.

2 Chapter 2 Review Exercises You were asked to read pages in your textbook. These pages cover a lot of ground, some of which should be familiar to you and some of which is probably new. These exercises are intended to dust off any mental cobwebs you may have with the old material and to give you a little practice with the new material. In order to complete these exercises, you may use whatever resources you choose. You are encouraged to refer to your book or to Linux s man pages, to open a VM and play with the commands, to use Google to search for additional information, or to consult with a willing neighbor. You are always welcome to use any of these resources for any labs. (Note, however, that you will have access to fewer resources on exam days. On those days, you may still refer to your textbooks and to the man pages, and you may still interact with the OS, but you may not refer to any other online resources or to your neighbors.) 1) What is the difference in meaning between the following four commands? ls / more ls / > more ls / >> more ls / more 2) What is the difference in meaning between the following three pairs of commands? cat temp ; cal cat temp && cal cat temp cal 3) Suppose you wished to include a line in a script that will display on the screen the password and shadow file lines for the user currently logged in. What line could you include in the script that will do this via the use of an environment variable? What line could you include in the script that will do this via the use of a command enclosed in backticks? 4) Explain briefly the differences among single quotes, double quotes, and back quotes (also called back ticks ). 5) Examine the contents of the /etc/passwd file, and then execute the following command and describe in English what it does: cut f1,5 d: /etc/passwd 6) Suppose you wished to see output only the location of the home directory for the account named student. What could you type at the command line to accomplish this? 7) Suppose you wished to list the contents of the current directory along with the permissions; for example, suppose you wished as a sample output: -rwx addresses drwx bin drwxr-xr-x cis141 drwxr-xr-x cis210

3 What would you type at the command line to achieve this? Hint: You will need to use the cut command with the option to extract specific characters in each line. You may need to experiment to determine the precise numbers to use, and the numbers may vary. 8) What could you type at the command line to determine how many accounts there are on your system? What could you type to determine how many accounts have root as part of their username? 9) You have a file called names that contains a list of names in no particular order; some names may be duplicated, and the duplicate names may be anywhere in the file. What could you type at the command line in order to display a list of the names in alphabetical order; each name should appear only once. How would your command change if you wished to see ONLY names that had been duplicated? What if you wanted to see only names that appeared exactly once in the file? 10) What could you type at the command line to display the names and word counts for the three files in the current directory that have the most words in them? Hints: The wc command does permit the use of wild cards. If you use a wild card to represent everything in the current directory, you will get, amidst the useful information, a lot of error messages indicating that you are trying to count the words in a directory. You will find it necessary to discard the error messages; see page 31 in the book for a discussion of how to do so. Once you have the information displayed, you will need to do a numeric sort on the output and to display only the relevant three lines. This exercise requires you to combine many different skills to accomplish. You will NOT be submitting these exercises for a grade; instead, when you have completed them, check the answer key which will be made available in the second hour of the class. (If for some reason it is not visible in BlackBoard, please let me know and I will troubleshoot.) If you do not understand why the answers are the way they are, please ask me.

4 Chapter 3 - Startup and Shutdown Create a new folder called Debian GUI in our class folder on the D: drive. Copy your Debian ISO into the new folder. Create a new VM from the ISO, but this time be sure to install the Debian desktop environment. (If you get a warning message about GNOME 3 failing to install, you can safely ignore it for the purposes of this lab.) Use the notes on the earlier Debian installation, if necessary. When the install is complete, log into the OS in the new VM and su to root. 1) What run level are you in now? (Hint: You may need to do some online research to determine the answer.) 2) What are three ways you could reboot the system? 3) What are two ways you could change to run level zero? 4) List the six phases of the boot process. 5) A file in the /etc/rc1.d directory is named K01apache2. What can you deduce about the file based on its name, and what about the file name or location leads you to your deductions? 6) The following is part of a sample grub configuration file (grub.conf). Examine the file and then answer the questions below. default=1 timeout=10 title GNU/Hurd root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/gnumach.gz root=hd0s1 module /boot/serverboot.gz title GNU/Linux kernel (hd0,1)/vmlinuz root=/dev/hdb1 title Windows 7 boot menu root(hd1,0) makeactive chainloader +1 a) Which operating system would be booted if the user did not choose an OS? b) How long does the user have to choose an OS? c) Where is the Windows OS located? This lab will not be submitted for a grade, but please check your answers against the answer key provided. If you have any questions, please be sure to ask your teacher.

5 Chapter 5 ps Open an OpenSUSE VM and bring up a terminal window. su - to root. Open Firefox and a word processor, then issue the command: ps -ef. You will see quite a number of processes listed, many of which have command names listed in square brackets. 1) What is the significance of the square brackets around certain command names? There may be several screens worth of processes. In real life, if you were the working with a server that had tens or even of hundreds of people connecting to it, working with a complete listing would be infeasible. Suppose you were interested in seeing information about your web browser. 2) What could you type at the command line to see only processes that have firefox in their commands? From the output of your previous command, you should be able to discern where the Firefox app is located. 3) Include a screen capture showing the output of your previous command here: 4) There will be at least two lines of output to your previous command. Since you are only running one instance of Firefox, why is a second line listed? 5) In what directory is the Firefox program located? Now suppose that many people had Firefox open. 6) How could you further narrow down what is displayed to include only the instance(s) opened by the user student? 7) What are the process ID's for Firefox and for Firefox's parent process? 8) Has the Firefox process spawned any children? What could you type to find out? 9) What is the command that generated Firefox's parent? What could you type to find out? Did that parent spawn any other processes? 10) What could you type to show only lines that do not have brackets in them? (Hint: You will need to escape the square bracket. You may need to "play" with the operating system a bit to determine precisely how to do this.)

6 11) What could you type to increase the priority number of the Firefox process by 15? Research the STOP signal. What could you type at the command line to pause Firefox? Execute that command and then try interacting with Firefox. Firefox should be unresponsive. Execute the following command: ps l (Note that the option is a lowercase L.) Examine the second field of the output the field with the field header of a capital "S". The letter in each row represents the process state. Note that the Firefox process should have a "T" as its state, since it is currently suspended. What other states do you see listed? You should see at least one runnable process and some sleeping processes. 12) What could you type at the command line to have Firefox continue from its paused state? Execute that command and verify that Firefox responds once more. 13) What could you type at the command line to terminate the Firefox process, using a command that will ensure that it ends? (Do NOT actually issue the command.) Exit Firefox gracefully (e.g., by clicking on its close button.) Now try running the top command and notice what the top processes are. Open an application (such as Firefox) and see how the top processes change. Note the PID for the Firefox process. Now enter the directory /proc and look at its contents. Note that one of the directories inside it should have the same name as Firefox's PID. Change into that directory and list its contents using ls -l. Examine the contents of cmdline. Also, note that some items listed are actually symbolic links. Refer to Table 5.7 on page 135 of the book for an explanation of some of the directory's contents. Feel free to explore the contents of the directory.

7 Chapter 6 filesystem In an OpenSuse VM, pull up a command terminal and examine the /etc/fstab file. Note the different mount points. The locations of the file systems to mount may be relatively straightforward (e.g., /dev/sda1) or it may appear as a UUID a 128 bit universally unique identifier. Note the different mount points; one of them should be /home. In the same command terminal, issue the command: fuser /home There may be no output other than a new prompt. That is OK. Now open a second command terminal (while keeping the first one open). In the second command terminal, cd into the /home directory. Back in the first command terminal, reissue the fuser /home command. 1) What is the output? What is the meaning of the output? Answer: The output is a PID followed by the letter "c" which indicates that the process is currently executing a file. In the first command terminal, issue the command ps el. Look for the number portion of the output from the previous command. 2) What command is associated with the number? Answer: bash Now try issuing the fuser c /home command. There should be additional output. Why? Try using ps el in conjunction with the grep command to see what some of the other processes are. After you have examined a few such processes, make note of the highest PID listed. Go into the /home/student directory and write a bash script that will sleep for ten minutes and then echo "done". Try running it from /home/student and issue the commands fuser /home and fuser c home. Do you see any new PIDs as a result of the fuser command? Of the fuser c command? Now in the second command terminal, CTRL^C out of the sleep script you wrote, cd into the /home directory, and once again issue the commands fuser /home and fuser c home. Do you see any new PIDs as a result of the fuser command? Of the fuser c command? As you can see, if you wish to determine not only what processes are running from the /home directory itself, but also for any subdirectories therein, you will need to use the c option of fuser. Pretend that you didn't know who was running the sleep script and you needed to determine the individual.

8 3) What could you do to determine who owned the sleep script process(es)? Keep in mind that the output of the relevant command might be quite sizable; you will want to run it through a filter to display only the information for the relevant process. Answer: You could run ps aux grep <PID> Another way you could get the same information would be to use the v flag with fuser. Try it now: fuser cv /home Examine the output and note that the first line of the output after the field headings line gives you the additional information that root has a kernel process that has mounted /home. --- Now go into the /dev directory and look at its contents with ls -l. 4) Do hard drives use character or block device files? Answer: Block 5) Do serial ports use character or block device files? Answer: Character When you look at the output of the ls -l command, you should notice that there are several files beginning with vcs or vcsa. Do some research to be able to answer the following question: 6) What are the vcs and vcsa files for? What are their major numbers? Answer: Memory for virtual console sessions. Their major number is 7. Try using cat to see the contents of a few of the vcs or vcsa files. 7) What do you see for most of them? Why do you think the contents of the file are what they are? Answer: You see a login screen, since no one has logged into the virtual consoles. Now notice the ls -l output for stdin. Note that it is a symbolic link pointing to fd/0. Also note that the permissions for this file appear to give everyone (user, group, other) read, write, and execute permissions. In actuality, symbolic links have "dummy" permissions and the real ones are associated with the file to which they point. To determine the actual permissions for stdin, you will need to track down the file being pointed to. (Hint: Symbolic links can point to other symbolic links.) 8) What is the actual file referred to by the symbolic link? What are its major and minor numbers, and what are its real permissions?

9 Answer: The actual file is /dev/pts/#, where # refers to the number associated with the console window. its major number is 136 and its minor number is #. User may read and write, and group may write. (Group is given write permission so that they may use the mesg command to communicate with the user.) Now for something fun. First, log into navajo and research the mesg and write commands and then use them to communicate with a partner. Then both of you should issue the tty command to see the file name representing each console. Suppose your console is /dev/pts/x and your partner's console is /dev/pts/y (where X and Y represent numbers.) Now in your window, type: cat > /dev/pts/y and have your partner type: cat > /dev/pts/x. You can now have a conversation with each other. To bring back the prompt, enter CTRL^C in each window. 9) Insert here a screen capture of your half of the conversations (both the one using write and the one using cat): Sample answer: --- Go to your home directory and create a new file temp and a new directory tempdir. Observe the permissions they were assigned. Now from those permissions, calculate what your current umask value is. Then issue the command umask with no arguments to see whether your calculation was correct. If it was not, then call over the instructor. 10) What umask would you need to make sure that by default, a directory would have the following permissions: rwxr-----? Answer: 037 Verify your answer by changing your umask value and creating a new directory, then change it back to its original value. Delete any files or directories you have created.

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