Architectural Support for Operating Systems. Jinkyu Jeong ( Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
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1 Architectural Support for Operating Systems Jinkyu Jeong ( jinkyu@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
2 Today s Topics Basic services of OS Basic computer system architecture Architectural support for OS Operating system structures 2
3 OS Internals (1) User ApplicaBon C Library (libc) User space System Call Interface Kernel space Kernel Arch- dependent kernel code Hardware Pla;orm 3
4 Operating System Services (1) Operating systems provide An execution environment to programs Helpful services to programs and users Operating-system services User interface (UI) Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI), Batch Program execution Load a program into memory and to run that program End execution, either normally or abnormally I/O operations A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an I/O device 4
5 Operating System Services (2) Operating-system services (cont d) File-system manipulation Programs need to read, write, create and delete files and directories Search, list, and permission management Communications Processes may exchange information, on the same computer or between computers over a network Via shared memory or through message passing Error detection Being constantly aware of possible errors In CPU, memory, I/O devices and user programs OS should take the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing Debugging support (ex. core dump) 5
6 Operating System Services (3) Another set of OS functions Resource allocation Resources must be allocated to multiple users and jobs running concurrently Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage, I/O devices. Accounting To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer resources Protection and security Concurrent processes should not interfere with each other Protection» All access to system resources is controlled Security» User authentication, depending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts 6
7 OS Internals (2) User space shell ls trap shell ps Kernel space File System Management I/O Management (device drivers) System Call Interface Memory Management Process Management scheduler IPC synchronizabon ProtecBon Hardware Control (Interrupt handling, etc.) Hardware 7
8 Computer Systems (1) Computer system organization 8
9 Computer Systems (2) Characteristics I/O devices and CPU can execute concurrently Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type Each device controller has a local buffer CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller CPU issues specific commands to I/O devices CPU should be able to know whether the issued command has been completed or not 9
10 OS and Architecture Mutual interaction The functionality of an OS is limited by architectural features. Multiprocessing on DOS/8086? The structure of an OS can be simplified by architectural support. Interrupt, DMA, synchronization, etc. Most proprietary OS s were developed with the certain architecture in mind. SunOS/Solaris for SPARC architecture IBM AIX for Power/PowerPC architecture HP-UX for PA-RISC architecture... 10
11 Interrupts (1) How does the kernel notice an I/O has finished? Polling Hardware interrupt 11
12 Interrupts (2) Interrupt handling Preserves the state of the CPU In a fixed location In a location indexed by the device number On the system stack Determines the type Polling Vectored interrupt system Transfers control to the interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler 12
13 Exceptions (1) Interrupts Generated by hardware devices Triggered by a signal in INTR or NMI pins (x86) Asynchronous Exceptions Generated by software executing instructions INT instruction in x86 Synchronous Exception handling is same as interrupt handling 13
14 Exceptions (2) Further classification of exceptions Traps Intentional System calls, breakpoint traps, special instructions,... Return control to next instruction Faults Unintentional but possibly recoverable Page faults (recoverable), protection faults (unrecoverable),... Either re-execute faulting ( current ) instruction or abort Aborts Unintentional and unrecoverable Parity error, machine check,... Abort the current program 14
15 Exceptions (3) System calls Programming interface to the services provided by OS e.g., system call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another 15
16 Exceptions (4) Important system calls (POSIX & Win32) Process Management File Management File System Management fork waitpid execve exit kill open close read write lseek stat chmod mkdir rmdir link unlink mount umount chdir CreateProcess WaitForSingleObject (none) ExitProcess (none) CreateFile CloseHandle ReadFile WriteFile SetFilePointer GetFileAWributesEx (none) CreateDirectory RemoveDirectory (none) DeleteFile (none) (none) SetCurrentDirectory Create a new process Wait for a process to exit CreateProcess = fork + execve Terminate execubon Send a signal Create a file or open an exisbng file Close a file Read data from a file Write data to a file Move the file pointer Get various file awributes Change the file access permission Create a new directory Remove an empty directory Make a link to a file Destroy an exisbng file Mount a file system Unmount a file system Change the curent working directory 16
17 Exceptions (5) Implementing system calls 17
18 Exceptions (6) Implementing system calls (cont d) count = read (fd, buffer, nbytes); 18
19 DMA (1) Data transfer modes in I/O Programmed I/O (PIO) CPU is involved in moving data between I/O devices and memory By special I/O instructions vs. by memory-mapped I/O DMA (Direct Memory Access) Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmit information at close to memory speeds Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer storage directly to main memory without CPU intervention. Only an interrupt is generated per block. 19
20 DMA (2) Processing I/O requests 20
21 Timers How does the OS take control of CPU from the running programs? Use a hardware timer that generates a periodic interrupt The timer interrupt transfers control back to OS The OS preloads the timer with a time to interrupt. 10ms for Linux 2.4, 1ms for Linux 2.6 (cf.) time slice The timer is privileged. Only the OS can load it 21
22 Protected Instructions Protected or privileged instructions Direct I/O access Use privileged instructions or memory-mapping Memory state management Page table updates, page table pointers TLB loads, etc. Setting special mode bits Halt instruction 22
23 OS Protection (1) How does the processor know if a protected instruction should be executed? The architecture must support at least two modes of operation: kernel and user mode 4 privilege levels in IA-32: Ring 0 > 1 > 2 > 3 Mode is set by a status bit in a protected processor register User programs in user mode, OS in kernel mode Current Privilege Level (CPL) in IA-32: CS register Protected instructions can only be executed in the kernel mode 23
24 OS Protection (2) Crossing protection boundaries User programs must call an OS to do something privileged. OS defines a sequence of system calls There must be a system call instruction that: causes an exception, which invokes a kernel handler passes a parameter indicating which system call to invoke saves caller s state (registers, mode bits) so they can be restored OS must verify caller s parameters (e.g. pointers) must provide a way to return to user mode when done. (cf.) INT 0x80 in Linux 24
25 OS Protection (3) Making a system call System call changes mode to kernel Return from system call resets it to user 25
26 Memory Protection (1) Requirements OS must protect user programs from each other Malicious users OS must also protect itself from user programs Integrity and security 26
27 Memory Protection (2) Simplest scheme Use base and limit registers Base and limit registers are loaded by OS before starting a program Prog A Prog B base reg limit reg Prog C 27
28 Memory Protection (3) MMU (Memory Management Unit) Memory management hardware provides more sophisticated memory protection mechanisms base and limit registers page table pointers, page protection, TLBs virtual memory segmentation Manipulation of memory management hardware are protected (privileged) operations 28
29 Synchronization Problems Interrupt can occur at any time and may interfere with the interrupted code. OS must be able to synchronize concurrent processes. Synchronization Turn off/on interrupts Use a special atomic instructions read-modify-write (e.g., INC, DEC) test-and-set LOCK prefix in IA32 LL (Load Locked) & SC (Store Conditional) in MIPS 29
30 Operating System Structures MS-DOS written to provide the most functionality in the least space Not divided into modules Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated 30
31 Operating System Structures UNIX System (monolithic kernel) 31
32 Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers Each built on top of lower layers Bottom layer is hardware Highest is user interface With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layers 32
33 Microkernel System Structure Application Program File System Device Driver user mode messages messages Interprocess Communication memory managment CPU scheduling kernel mode microkernel hardware 33
34 Microkernel vs. Monolithic Kernel Moves as much from the kernel into user space Mach example of microkernel Mac OS X kernel (Darwin) partly based on Mach Communication takes place between user modules using message passing Benefits Easier to extend a microkernel Easier to port the operating system to new architectures More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode) More secure Detriments Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication 34
35 Modules Many modern operating systems implement loadable kernel modules Uses object-oriented approach Each core component is separate Each talks to the others over known interfaces Each is loadable as needed within the kernel Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible Linux, Solaris, etc 35
36 Solaris Modular Approach 36
37 Hybrid Systems Most modern operating systems are actually not one pure model Hybrid combines multiple approaches to address performance, security, usability needs Linux and Solaris kernels in kernel address space, so monolithic, plus modular for dynamic loading of functionality Windows mostly monolithic, plus microkernel for different subsystem personalities 37
38 Mac OS X graphical user interface Aqua application environments and services Java Cocoa Quicktime BSD kernel environment Mach BSD I/O kit kernel extensions 38
39 Android Developed by Open Handset Alliance (mostly Google) Open Source Similar stack to IOS Based on Linux kernel but modified Provides process, memory, device-driver management Adds power management Runtime environment includes core set of libraries and Dalvik virtual machine Apps developed in Java plus Android API Java class files compiled to Java bytecode then translated to executable than runs in Dalvik VM Libraries include frameworks for web browser (webkit), database (SQLite), multimedia, smaller libc 39
40 Android Application Framework SQLite surface manager webkit Libraries opengl media framework libc Android runtime Core Libraries Dalvik virtual machine Linux kernel 40
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