Practical Computing-II. Programming in the Linux Environment. 0. An Introduction. B.W.Gore. March 20, 2015

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1 Practical Computing-II March 20, An Introduction

2 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II

3 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting)

4 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment

5 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk)

6 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence

7 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel

8 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel 3. Signals

9 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel 3. Signals 4. programs vs. processes

10 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel 3. Signals 4. programs vs. processes 5. permissions and access control

11 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel 3. Signals 4. programs vs. processes 5. permissions and access control 6. fork and exec

12 About The Course CMS M.2.2 Practical Computing-II 25 credits (33.33% weighting) About Linux/Unix environment Scripting Tools and Languages (like sed & awk) 1. boot-up sequence 2. kernel 3. Signals 4. programs vs. processes 5. permissions and access control 6. fork and exec 7. foreground and background processes

13 Prerequisites Linux account

14 Prerequisites Linux account Familiarity with the basic Linux command line environment

15 Prerequisites Linux account Familiarity with the basic Linux command line environment Some experience in programming with the gcc and g++ compilers

16 Prerequisites Linux account Familiarity with the basic Linux command line environment Some experience in programming with the gcc and g++ compilers Insights into how the system behaves in various circumstances

17 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories

18 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7

19 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie

20 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie Ritchie ported UNIX to the more advanced PDP-11 in 1970

21 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie Ritchie ported UNIX to the more advanced PDP-11 in 1970 He then developed C language & its compiler to work with UNIX

22 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie Ritchie ported UNIX to the more advanced PDP-11 in 1970 He then developed C language & its compiler to work with UNIX In 1973, Thompson & Ritchie rewrote entire UNIX system code in C

23 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie Ritchie ported UNIX to the more advanced PDP-11 in 1970 He then developed C language & its compiler to work with UNIX In 1973, Thompson & Ritchie rewrote entire UNIX system code in C It broke the tradition of writing OS in assembly language

24 UNIX The UNIX operating system was developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson in 1969 made it work on DEC PDP-7 Also involved, through ideas & contributions, were Rudd Canaday, Doug McIlroy, Joe Ossanna & Dennis Ritchie Ritchie ported UNIX to the more advanced PDP-11 in 1970 He then developed C language & its compiler to work with UNIX In 1973, Thompson & Ritchie rewrote entire UNIX system code in C It broke the tradition of writing OS in assembly language With rewrite in C, UNIX became portable to any hardware

25 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing

26 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user

27 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user 3. having support for programming

28 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user 3. having support for programming 4. unusually rich in features & productive (compared to its predecessors)

29 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user 3. having support for programming 4. unusually rich in features & productive (compared to its predecessors) 5. Hence, popular!

30 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user 3. having support for programming 4. unusually rich in features & productive (compared to its predecessors) 5. Hence, popular! Many free and commercial variants of UNIX are available today e.g.

31 Unix It all resulted in UNIX becoming an operating system that was 1. time sharing 2. multi-user 3. having support for programming 4. unusually rich in features & productive (compared to its predecessors) 5. Hence, popular! Many free and commercial variants of UNIX are available today e.g. Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Zenix, FreeBSD, Linux,

32 Linux Unix-like computer operating system

33 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS

34 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms

35 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms Developed his own variant called Linux

36 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms Developed his own variant called Linux (as his degree project!!!)

37 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms Developed his own variant called Linux (as his degree project!!!) The core of Linux is the kernel, first released 5 October 1991 by Torvalds

38 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms Developed his own variant called Linux (as his degree project!!!) The core of Linux is the kernel, first released 5 October 1991 by Torvalds Uses model of free and open source software development and distribution, prospered with GNU set of utilities

39 Linux Unix-like computer operating system In 1991, as a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds became curious about OS & got frustrated with limitations of existing Unix/Minix licensing terms Developed his own variant called Linux (as his degree project!!!) The core of Linux is the kernel, first released 5 October 1991 by Torvalds Uses model of free and open source software development and distribution, prospered with GNU set of utilities Today, Linux systems are everywhere, from embedded systems to supercomputers, from education to industry; in research labs, government establishments, financial institutions,

40 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel

41 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g

42 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g

43 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g The GNU tools like gcc, gawk, gnuplot etc.

44 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g The GNU tools like gcc, gawk, gnuplot etc. A graphical desktop environment (GNOME/KDE/xfce etc.)

45 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g The GNU tools like gcc, gawk, gnuplot etc. A graphical desktop environment (GNOME/KDE/xfce etc.) Application software: browsers, SciLab, eclipse etc.

46 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g The GNU tools like gcc, gawk, gnuplot etc. A graphical desktop environment (GNOME/KDE/xfce etc.) Application software: browsers, SciLab, eclipse etc. None of these is useful independently

47 Linux internals Linux is made up of: The Linux kernel version ending in even number is stable e.g version ending in odd number is unstable/testing/beta version e.g The GNU tools like gcc, gawk, gnuplot etc. A graphical desktop environment (GNOME/KDE/xfce etc.) Application software: browsers, SciLab, eclipse etc. None of these is useful independently strength comes from their collaboration

48 Diagrammatic Representation Apllication S/W A graphical desktop environment GNU system tools/utilities Linux Kernel Computer H/W

49 Diagrammatic Representation Apllication S/W A graphical desktop environment shell GNU system tools/utilities Linux Kernel Computer H/W

50 Linux kernel core of the Linux system

51 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system

52 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary

53 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary

54 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary its controls are divided generally into:

55 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary its controls are divided generally into: Hardware management

56 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary its controls are divided generally into: Hardware management Memory management

57 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary its controls are divided generally into: Hardware management Memory management File-system management

58 Linux kernel core of the Linux system kernel controls all of the hardware and software on the computing system allocates resources as and when necessary executes commands/processes as and when necessary its controls are divided generally into: Hardware management Memory management File-system management Software execution management

59 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user

60 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter

61 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities

62 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes

63 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes allows personalization of environment: user can create aliases for commands

64 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes allows personalization of environment: user can create aliases for commands shell presents a powerful programming tool to work with commands: complete with

65 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes allows personalization of environment: user can create aliases for commands shell presents a powerful programming tool to work with commands: complete with conditional statements

66 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes allows personalization of environment: user can create aliases for commands shell presents a powerful programming tool to work with commands: complete with conditional statements, loops

67 The shell a basic way of communication between kernel & user it is a text-based command interpreter shell presents several user friendly facilities allows input/output redirection to files/console using pipes allows personalization of environment: user can create aliases for commands shell presents a powerful programming tool to work with commands: complete with conditional statements, loops and functions!!!

68 Command a basic entity that can run a process

69 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments)

70 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples:

71 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls

72 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls ls -al

73 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls ls -al whoami

74 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls ls -al whoami date

75 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls ls -al whoami date possible to enter multiple commands on single line: a ; works as command terminator

76 Command a basic entity that can run a process shell does the job when command name is entered at command prompt (possibly with some arguments) some examples: ls ls -al whoami date possible to enter multiple commands on single line: a ; works as command terminator whoami; date;

77 Script script is nothing but a sequence of commands and control statements stored in a file

78 Script script is nothing but a sequence of commands and control statements stored in a file saves the effort of retyping that particular sequence of commands each time

79 Script script is nothing but a sequence of commands and control statements stored in a file saves the effort of retyping that particular sequence of commands each time script is a program a tool which can easily be modified

80 Script script is nothing but a sequence of commands and control statements stored in a file saves the effort of retyping that particular sequence of commands each time script is a program a tool which can easily be modified must be made executable by chmod +x [script file name]

81 Script script is nothing but a sequence of commands and control statements stored in a file saves the effort of retyping that particular sequence of commands each time script is a program a tool which can easily be modified must be made executable by chmod +x [script file name] making sure script can work across different flavours of Linux and/or different shells

82 Types of shell Two major types:

83 Types of shell Two major types: 1. the Bourne shell: includes sh, ksh, bash

84 Types of shell Two major types: 1. the Bourne shell: includes sh, ksh, bash 2. the C shell: includes csh, tcsh

85 Types of shell Two major types: 1. the Bourne shell: includes sh, ksh, bash 2. the C shell: includes csh, tcsh the Bourne type shells usually have $ as the prompt character

86 Types of shell Two major types: 1. the Bourne shell: includes sh, ksh, bash 2. the C shell: includes csh, tcsh the Bourne type shells usually have $ as the prompt character the C type shells usually have # as the prompt character

87 Types of shell Two major types: 1. the Bourne shell: includes sh, ksh, bash 2. the C shell: includes csh, tcsh the Bourne type shells usually have $ as the prompt character the C type shells usually have # as the prompt character sh is s POSIX standard shell

88 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing

89 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase

90 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase usually a two step process, involves reading the files

91 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase usually a two step process, involves reading the files /etc/profile

92 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase usually a two step process, involves reading the files /etc/profile.profile

93 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase usually a two step process, involves reading the files /etc/profile.profile If any file doesn t exist, it is skipped and no error is shown

94 Shell Initialization When login program start shell, the parameters required for operation of shell to start are missing shell undergoes an initialization phase usually a two step process, involves reading the files /etc/profile.profile If any file doesn t exist, it is skipped and no error is shown after reading both the files, the prompt character is presented

95 How login starts the shell login automatically starts the program: /bin/sh

96 How login starts the shell login automatically starts the program: /bin/sh by this, shell is put in interactive mode i.e. ready to interact with user

97 How login starts the shell login automatically starts the program: /bin/sh by this, shell is put in interactive mode i.e. ready to interact with user there is non-interactive mode of shell execution, where shell terminates after executing some commands e.g. when you logout

98 How login starts the shell login automatically starts the program: /bin/sh by this, shell is put in interactive mode i.e. ready to interact with user there is non-interactive mode of shell execution, where shell terminates after executing some commands e.g. when you logout shell can be started non-interactively by issuing command /bin/sh [script filename]

99 Commands for file-system handling mkdir cd pwd cp, mv, rm cat ls Editors: vi, gedit, nedit, emacs, chown, chgrp, chmod symbolic links: ln pipes:, >, <>>, <<

100 Next lecture Processes starting a process

101 Next lecture Processes starting a process listing running processes

102 Next lecture Processes starting a process listing running processes killing a process

103 Next lecture Processes starting a process listing running processes killing a process parent-child processes background/foreground precesses and their switching

104 References Ritchie, D.; Thompson, K.; The UNIX Time-Sharing System, Communications of ACM 17(1974), p Kernighan, B.W.; Pike, R.; The unix Programming Environment, Prentice-Hall, Bach, M.J.; The Design of The UNIX Operating System, Prentice-Hall, CMS library books: CMS-78, CMS-877, CMS-1287, CMS-1626 Robbins a.; Beebe, N.H.F.; Classic Shell Scripting - Hidden Commands that Unlock the Power of Unix, O Reilly Media, 2005.

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