CPSC 341 OS & Networks. Introduction. Dr. Yingwu Zhu
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1 CPSC 341 OS & Networks Introduction Dr. Yingwu Zhu
2 What to learn? Concepts Processes, threads, multi-processing, multithreading, synchronization, deadlocks, CPU scheduling, networks, security Practice: Multi-processing/threading programming Pthread, Pthread synchronization Socket network programming But, it is NOT a kernel study course!
3 Some Notes Memory management & VM are removed to CPSC 251 Assumptions Knowledge in computer hardware (CPSC251) C/C++ programming skills (CPSC151,152&250) Knowledge in data structures (CPSC250)
4 Communication Channels Course website Syllabus, tentative schedule, HW, projects, lecture slides, supplemental materials, grading policy, SU s Check regularly (daily)
5 Programming Assignments & Projects Linux server: cs1.seattleu.edu Use SSHClient or putty to access the server SU account and password Problem? Contact Renny Philipose Work from home, NO VPN needed! Submission Electronic submission (announced later!) Ensure your program is compilable!
6 Study Strategies Class participation Lecture reviews Reading Programming practice & Projects Questions/Thinking: What? Why? How?
7 Other Info. See Syllabus for details
8 What is an OS? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. OS goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
9 OS Definition OS is a resource allocator Manages all resources Decides between conflicting/competing requests for efficient and fair resource use OS is a control program Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
10 Computer System Structure Computer system can be divided into four components Hardware: provides basic computing resources CPU, memory, I/O devices OS Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users (represented by processes/threads) Application programs: define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games Users People, machines, other computers
11 Four Components of a Computer System
12 Computer System Organization Computer-system operation One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared memory Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
13 Computer-System Operation I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently. Goal: maximize concurrency! Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type. E.g., Several disks are attached to a SCSI controller A device driver per each device controller (presenting uniform interface to the device) Each device controller has a local buffer + a set of special-purpose registers. Speed matching, e.g., disk vs. memory CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. The device controller informs the device driver by interrupts The device driver returns control to OS (data or pointer to data for read operations) Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt.
14 Interrupts OS is interrupt-driven Hardware triggers an interrupt by sending a signal to the CPU via the bus Software triggers an interrupt by executing a special operation called a system call
15 Interrupt Handling OS preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter (the addr. of the interrupted instruction) on system stack. OS transfers control to the appropriate interrupt service routine Upon completion of the interrupt service routine, resumes the interrupted service
16 Interrupt Vector A table of pointers to interrupt routines Stored in low memory, e.g., the first 100 or so locations Indexed by a unique device number Windows and Unix use interrupt vector
17 Storage Structure Main memory only large storage media that the CPU can access directly. Secondary storage extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity. Magnetic disks rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors. The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer.
18 Storage Hierarchy Storage systems organized in hierarchy. Speed Cost Volatility
19 Storage-Device Hierarchy
20 Caching Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in hardware, operating system, software) L1, L2 caches Memory Disk caches in the disk controller Pervasive, even in Internet Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast) cache hit If not, data copied to cache and used there cache miss Caching issues Cache size and replacement policy Data consistency Cache cohesion
21 I/O Structure OS ---- device drivers ---- device controllers ---- devices Device controllers Local buffer storage & a set of special purposes of registers In charge of a specific type of device Responsibility: move data between the device and its local buffer Device drivers To start an I/O, the driver loads the appropriate registers within the controller, which in turn examines these registers to determine what to do, read or write? The controller starts to transfer data, upon completion, it informs the driver via an interrupt. The driver returns control back to OS
22 I/O Structure After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O completion. Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt Wait loop (contention for memory access). At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no simultaneous I/O processing. After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for I/O completion.
23 Two I/O Methods Synchronous Asynchronous
24 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming (MP) needed for efficiency Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute (i.e., increase CPU utilization) A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory One job selected and run via job scheduling When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension (of MP) in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing Response time should be < 1 second Each user has at least one program executing in memory process If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling If processes don t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
25 Interrupts vs. Trap Interrupt driven by hardware Software error or request creates exception or trap (software-generated interrupts) Division by zero, request for operating system service Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources Set interrupt after specific period Operating system decrements counter When counter zero generate an interrupt Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time
26 User Mode & Kernel Mode Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components User mode and kernel mode Mode bit provided by hardware Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode (protection) System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user
27 Transition from User to Kernel Mode
28 System Calls Programming interface to the services provided by the OS Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++) Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application Program Interface (API) rather than direct system call use Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API for POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual machine (JVM) Why use APIs rather than system calls? portability
29 API System Call OS Relationship Typically, a number associated with each system call System-call interface maintains a table indexed according to these numbers
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