CSC209H Lecture 1. Dan Zingaro. January 7, 2015

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1 CSC209H Lecture 1 Dan Zingaro January 7, 2015

2 Welcome! Welcome to CSC209 Comments or questions during class? Let me know! Topics: shell and Unix, pipes and filters, C programming, processes, system calls, signals, network programming, shell programming Do I seriously have to buy the textbooks? Evaluation: four assignments (36%), nine ALC labs (4%), midterm (15%), final exam (45%)

3 Assignments Four assignments A1: manipulating sounds A2: writing a memory allocator A3: writing a shell (system programming) A4: online game (networksocket programming) Due at 22:00 All code must work on CS UTM machines Code that does not compile on CS is given a grade of 0

4 Assignments... You will be using Subversion (SVN) to manage and submit your assignments If you haven t used Subversion, please learn it soon... you should have used Subversion in CSC207 Subversion repository paths will be given in assignment handouts

5 Late Policy No late assignments are accepted If you can t finish the assignment, you can earn part marks for a good partial solution Illness and other disasters are another matter; contact me early (before the assignment deadline)

6 ALC Labs Labs start in week 2 in an Active Learning Classroom (ALC) Work in pairs, supported by a TA Nine ALCs, 0.5% per lab (best 8 out of 9) Marks are based on attending and focusing on your work

7 Help! Office hours (or me for an appointment) ALC labs (with TA support) Online discussion board (but please read the discussion board first) Anonymous feedback

8 Plagiarism The work you submit must be your own, done without participation by others. It is an academic offense to hand in anything written by someone else without acknowledgement. Not OK to give your friend a copy of your assignment Not OK to ask your friend for a copy of their assignment

9 What is cheating? Cheating is Copying parts or all of another student s assignment Including code from books, websites, other courses, etc. without attribution Getting someone else to do any part of your assignment Giving someone else your solution Cheating is not Helping to find a bug in a friend s code (be careful) Helping classmates understand man pages or example code

10 Why Unix? Available on a number of platforms Multi-user, multi-programmed Shares computer resources among users Permits manipulation of files, processes, and programs Allows inter-process and inter-machine communication Permits access to its operating features

11 The Unix Philosophy Write programs that do one thing and do it well Write programs that work together Write programs that handle text streams, because text is a universal interface If programs receive and produce text, they can cooperate in ways not envisioned by their original authors

12 Files and Directories In Unix, everything is a file Regular files, directories, keyboard, video, network... all have a file interface File interface: open, read, write, close Here, we ll focus on regular files, directories, and links

13 File System Hierarchy Everything starts in the root directory named / From here, we have files and subdirectories Traverse directories using cd, list directories using ls Use cd with no arguments to return to your home directory

14 Directories Directories provide logical structure to file systems For users, they provide a means to organize files For the file system, they provide a convenient naming interface Allows the implementation to separate logical file organization from physical file placement Most file systems support multi-level directories

15 Directories are Files! Like regular files, directories themselves are files A directory associates each file in the directory with a unique number known as the file s inode number An inode is a small data structure that gives the location of the file s data blocks, permissions, size, last access time, etc. Assume you have a directory called songs with files 1.mp3 and Filename Inode number 2.mp3. songs might look like: 1.mp mp3 184

16 Current Working Directory Relative path or file names are specified with respect to the current working directory Absolute names have a leading / and start from the root of the directory tree Special names are used to navigate up and down the hierarchy. means current directory.. means parent directory

17 File Linking Just because each pathname specifies a unique file does not mean each file has just one pathname Hard links Multiple names can reach a single file if the directory entry for each of the names specifies the same inode number The ln command can be used to add a new name for a file (called a hard link) rm on a file with only one hard link (i.e. only one name) removes the file Otherwise, the file is removed when it no longer has any names and is no longer in use by any process

18 File Linking... Symbolic links ln can also create symbolic links (symlinks) with the -s option A symlink is a small file containing the path name of the linked file or directory Unlike hard links, symlinks work across file systems Symlinks can form dangling references (if the name referred to by the symlink is removed) or loops (if the name referred to by the symlink is removed and made to reference the name of the symlink)

19 File and Directory Permissions Each file is owned by a particular user and also has an owning group Each file has three permission entries Permissions for user who owns the file Permissions for all users in the owning group, except the owning user Permissions for all other users Each of these three entries can specify only three permissions: read (r), write (w), and execute (x)

20 File and Directory Permissions... What do the permissions mean on directories? r lets you see the filenames in a directory, but that s all w lets you create, delete or rename files in the directory If you don t have permission to write a file, but you have w on the file s directory, you can delete the file! So, directories have a sticky bit that allows a file to be deleted only by the owner of the file, owner of directory, or system admin x lets you access a file in the directory, subject to the file s own permissions Typically you want r and x on directories that you want others to access x without r: user can access a file in the directory if they guess (or know) its name, and if they have r access on the file

21 chmod chmod lets you change permissions of files and directories Lots of ways to do it: check man chmod e.g. give owning user of fname execute permission: chmod u+x fname e.g. give all users all permissions on fname: chmod a+rwx fname

22 Permissions Exercise Consider the following directories and files. dr-xr-xr-x 2 zingard instrs 4096 Apr 12 23:36 dir-read/ d--x--x--x 2 zingard instrs 4096 Apr 12 23:42 dir-search/ ---x--x--x 1 zingard instrs 6425 Apr 12 23:39 dir-search/cprog* -r-xr-xr-x 1 zingard instrs 12 Apr 12 23:42 dir-search/shellprog* What is the result of the following? ls dir-read ls dir-search dir-search/cprog touch dir-read/blah touch dir-search/blah

23 What is a Shell? Commandline interpreter Interface between user and OS There are many shells sh: Bourne shell bash: superset of sh csh/tcsh: C-like syntax Some argue it is not suitable for programming (e.g. csh Considered Harmful ) We ll be using bash (type echo $0 to check current shell) On cs, sh is just a symlink to bash

24 Input and Output Redirection By default, programs read from standard input (default: keyboard), write results on standard output (default: screen), and write errors on standard error (default: screen) Use < to redirect standard input, > to redirect standard output, 2> to redirect standard error > overwrites the output file; use >> to append 1 means stdout, 2 means stderr ls *.c >clist ls *.c 1>clist ls -z 2>error ls 2>&1

25 Pipelines Use to send the output of one command to the input of another command. To count the number of lines produced by ls -l: ls -l wc -l ps by default gives the current list of processes (associated with the terminal) for the current user -A gives all processes for all users -f adds uid column... ps -Af grep zingarod wc -l # not quite!

26 Filters Pipelines like the above work because lots of tools on Unix are filters A filter reads from standard input, processes that input, and writes on standard output Other useful filters (read about them using man!): wc: count words, lines, characters grep: filter lines based on matching regular expressions tr: translate characters uniq, sort, head, tail

27 Job Control A job is a program whose execution has been initiated by the user At any moment, a job can be running or suspended Foreground job: program that has control of the terminal Background job: runs concurrently with the parent shell; does not have control of the terminal To run a program in the background, append & to its commandline

28 Job Control... While a program is running, hit ^z to suspend it jobs gives you a list of jobs; each job is associated with a job number fg [num] runs job num in the foreground bg [num] runs job num in the background kill %num kills job number num

29 Filename Expansion * means zero or more characters? means exactly one character [x-y] means one character in the range x to y [!chars] means one character not in the list chars ~ means home directory ~u means home directory of user u ls *.c rm file[1-6].? cd ~/bin ls ~zingarod ls *.[!oa]

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