Structured Programming. Flowchart Symbols. Structured Programming. Selection. Sequence. Control Structures ELEC 330 1
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1 ELEC Structured Programming Control Structures ELEC 206 Computer Applications for Electrical Engineers Dr. Ron Hayne Algorithm Development Conditional Expressions Selection Statements Loops 206_C3 2 Structured Programming Flowchart Symbols Sequence Sequence of steps performed one after another Selection Condition evaluated as true or false if true, one set of statements executed if false, another set of statements executed Repetition Repeat (loop through) a set of steps As long as a condition is true Operation Begin / End Input / Output Computation Comparison start main read radius area = π*radius 2 is yes radius < 0? no Symbol stop main print radius, area 206_C _C3 4 Sequence Selection start main read radius read radius area = π*radius 2 is yes radius < 0? no print radius, area stop main area = π*radius 2 print radius, area print error 206_C _C3 6
2 ELEC Repetition Structured Programming time = 0 is no time 10? yes compute velocity print velocity increment time Alternative Solutions Readable Not necessarily shortest Handle Error Conditions Test for invalid data Exit Attempt to correct Generate Test Data Cover different ranges of values Test boundary conditions 206_C _C3 8 Debugging Conditional Expressions Compile Errors Correct one or two obvious syntax errors Recompile Execution Errors Include cout statements Provide memory snapshot of key objects Relational Operators < less than <= less than or equal to > greater than >= greater than or equal to == equal to!= not equal Logical Operators && and or! not 206_C _C3 10 Operator Precedence s Precedence Operation ( ) ! (type) * / % a = 5.5 b = 1.5 k = 3 a + b >= 6.5 b - k > a a < 10 && a > < <= > >= 6 ==!= 7 && 8 9 = += -= *= /= %= 206_C _C3 12
3 ELEC Selection Statements if Statements if (condition) statement 1; if (condition) statement 1; statement 2;... statement n; if/ Statement if (condition) statement 1; statement 2; read radius is yes radius < 0? no area = π*radius 2 print radius, area print error cin >> r; if (r < 0) cout << "error"; a = PI*r*r; cout << r << a; 206_C _C3 14 Conditional Operator Practice if/ Statement if (a<b) count++; c = a + b; Conditional Statement a<b? count++ : c = a + b; If dist is less than 50.0 and time is greater than 10.0, then increment time by 2; otherwise, increment time by 2.5. if (dist < 50.0 && time > 10.0) time+=2; time+=2.5; 206_C _C3 16 Nested if/ Statements Equivalent switch Statement if (code == 10) cout << "Too hot - turn off." << endl; if (code == 11) cout << "Caution - recheck in 5 min." << endl; if (code == 13) cout << "Turn on fan." << endl; cout << "Normal." << endl; 206_C3 17 switch (code) case 10: cout << "Too hot - turn off." << endl; break; case 11: cout << "Caution - recheck in 5 min." << endl; break; case 13: cout << "Turn on fan." << endl; break; default: cout << "Normal." << endl; 206_C3 18
4 ELEC Selection Statements Practice switch Statement switch (controlling expression) case label_1: case label_2:... default: 206_C3 19 If rank equals 1 or 2 then print "Low", if rank equals 3 or 4 then print "High", otherwise print "Error". switch (rank) case 1: case 2: cout << "Low" << endl; break; case 3: case 4: cout << "High" << endl; default: cout << "Error" << endl; 206_C3 20 Loop Structures while Loop Condition evaluated before statements are executed If condition is false, statement block is skipped If condition is true, statement block is executed and condition is evaluated again Beware of infinite loops <Ctrl> C while (condition) 206_C3 21 /* */ /* Program chapter3_1 */ /* */ /* This program prints a degree-to-radian table */ /* using a while loop structure. */ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; const double PI = ; 206_C3 22 int main() // Declare and initialize objects. int degrees(0); double radians; // Set formats. cout << fixed << setprecision(6); // Print radians and degrees in a loop. cout << "Degrees to Radians" << endl; while (degrees <= 360) radians = degrees*pi/180; cout << setw(6) << degrees << setw(10) << radians << endl; degrees += 30; 206_C3 23 // Windows friendly exit system("pause"); return 0; 206_C3 24
5 ELEC Loop Structures do/while Loop Condition tested at end of loop Loop always executed at least once do statements while (condition); 206_C _C3 26 Loop Structures // Print radians and degrees in a loop. cout << "Degrees to Radians" << endl; do radians = degrees*pi/180; cout << setw(6) << degrees << setw(10) << radians << endl; degrees += 30; while (degrees <= 360); for Loop Expression 1 initializes loop-control object Expression 2 specifies condition to continue loop Expression 3 specifies modification to loop-control object After execution of statement block for (exp_1; exp_2; exp_3) 206_C _C3 28 Practice // Print radians and degrees in a loop. cout << "Degrees to Radians" << endl; for (int degrees=0; degrees<=360; degrees+=30) radians = degrees*pi/180; cout << setw(6) << degrees << setw(10) << radians << endl; What is the value of count after the nested for loops are executed? int count(0); for (int k=-1; k<4; k++) for (int j=3; j>0; j--) count++; 206_C _C3 30
6 ELEC Loop Structures Structured Input Loops break Statement Immediately exit from the loop continue Statement Skip remaining statements in the current iteration Both useful when error conditions encountered Counter-controlled Loop Number of data values is known Sentinel-controlled Loop Special value indicates end of data End-of-data Loop Continues while new data is available End of file function (Ch 4) 206_C _C3 32 Counter-controlled Loop Counter-controlled Loop // Prompt user for input. cout << "Enter the number of exam scores "; cin >> counter; cout << "Enter " << counter << " exam scores separated by whitespace "; // Input exam scores using counter-controlled loop. for(int i=1; i<=counter; i++) cin >> exam_score; sum = sum + exam_score; 206_C _C3 34 Sentinel-controlled Loop Sentinel-controlled Loop input data_value data_value!=sentinel True input next data_value False 206_C3 35 // Prompt user for input. cout << "Enter exam scores separated by whitespace." << endl; cout << "Enter a negative value to indicate the end of data. "; // Input exam scores using sentinel-controlled loop. cin >> exam_score; while(exam_score >= 0) sum = sum + exam_score; count++; cin >> exam_score; 206_C3 36
7 ELEC Sentinel-controlled Loop Problem Solving Applied Weather Balloons Problem Statement Using polynomials that represent altitude and velocity, print a table using units of meters and meters per second. Find the maximum altitude and its time. Input/Output Description Starting Time Time Increment Ending Time Table of Velocities and Altitude Maximum Altitude and its Time 206_C _C3 38 Problem Solving Applied Problem Solving Applied Hand alt(t) = -0.12t t 3-380t t v(t) = -0.48t t 2-760t Starting Time t = 0 hours Ending Time t = 5 hours Time Increment 1 hour Time Altitude (m) , , , , , Velocity (m/s) _C3 39 Algorithm Development Get user input to specify times for table Generate and print conversion table Find and print maximum height and corresponding time 206_C3 40 Problem Solving Applied Algorithm Refinement Read initial, increment, final values from keyboard Set max_height and max_time to zero Print table heading and set time to initial While time is less than or equal to final Compute height and velocity Print height and velocity If height is greater than max_height Set new max_height and max_time Add increment to time Print max_time and max_height /* */ /* Program chapter3_7 */ /* */ /* This program prints a table of height and */ /* velocity values for a weather balloon. */ #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath> using namespace std; int main() // Declare and initialize objects. double initial, increment, final, time, height, velocity, max_time(0), max_height(0); int loops; 206_C3 41
8 ELEC // Get user input. cout << "Enter initial value for table (in hours) \n"; cin >> initial; cout << "Enter increment between lines (in hours) \n"; cin >> increment; cout << "Enter final value for table (in hours) \n"; cin >> final; // Print report heading. cout << "\n\nweather Balloon Information \n"; cout << "Time Height Velocity \n"; cout << "(hrs) (meters) (meters/s) \n"; // Set formats. cout << fixed << setprecision(2); // Compute and print report information. // Determine number of iterations required. // Use integer index to avoid rounding error. loops = (int)( (final - initial)/increment ); for (int count=0; count<=loops; count++) time = initial + count*increment; height = -0.12*pow(time,4) + 12*pow(time,3) - 380*time*time *time + 220; velocity = -0.48*pow(time,3) + 36*time*time - 760*time ; cout << setw(6) << time << setw(10) << height << setw(10) << velocity/3600 << endl; if (height > max_height) max_height = height; max_time = time; // Print maximum height and corresponding time. cout << "\nmaximum balloon height was " << setw(8) << max_height << " meters \n"; cout << "and it occurred at " << setw(6) << max_time << " hours \n"; Testing 206_C3 45 Summary Structured Programming Algorithm Development Conditional Expressions Selection Statements Loops Problem Solving Applied End of Chapter Summary C++ Statements Style Notes Debugging Notes 206_C3 47
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