CIS 21 Final Study Guide. Final covers ch. 1-20, except for 17. Need to know:

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1 CIS 21 Final Study Guide Final covers ch. 1-20, except for 17. Need to know: I. Amdahl's Law II. Moore s Law III. Processes and Threading A. What is a process? B. What is a thread? C. Modes (kernel mode, user mode) D. user-level thread E. kernel thread F. multithreading models (many to many, many to one, etc) G. thread libraries (API) H. Concurrency I. Parallelism J. Message priority K. Client/Server systems IV. Process Synchronization A. Binary Semaphores B. Counting Semaphores C. Mutex Locks V. CPU Scheduling A. CPU utilization B. Response Time C. Turnaround Time D. Throughput VI. Deadlocks vs. Starvation (compare and contrast) A. When do they occur? B. What are the conditions? C. Deadlock prevention vs. deadlock avoidance (compare and contrast) 1. Link to Banker s Algorithm VII. File Systems A. What are files? B. How are files stored in a computer? C. ADT D. Linked Lists E. Clustering F. File access methods G. File creation vs. File deletion 1. What happens? 2. How does it work? H. How Unix/Linux stores files vs. How Windows stores files (compare and contrast) I. How Unix/Linux utilizes peripherals (disks, printers, etc)

2 J. How Windows utilizes peripherals K. File extensions and how they are used (.txt,.tif,.gif,.jpg,.dll,.doc,.bat,.sh,.exe, etc.) VIII. Banker s Algorithm A. What is it? B. How does it work? C. Safe vs unsafe states IX. The History of Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, CP/M OS, and MS-DOS A. Minimum System Requirements (8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit) B. How FAT is used C. inodes D. How directories and mount points are used E. Versions F. DLL s X. Mobile OS A. Android B. ios C. How do they run apps? D. Do they run Java? How? XI. Hardware A. USB, CD, DVD B. solid state vs magnetic (mechanical) drives C. Bluetooth / devices D. Interrupts E. Bootstrapping XII.Memory Management A. Main Memory Ch 8 1. Basic Hardware 2. Base and Limit Register 3. Address Binding a) Compile time b) Load time c) execution time 4. Dynamic loading 5. Dynamic linking and shared libraries a) dynamic link libraries (dll) b) static linking 6. Swapping 7. Contiguous Memory Allocation 8. Fragmentation a) external b) 50 percent rule 9. Segmentation a) segment table b) segment base c) segment limit

3 10.Paging a) section (s) b) page number (p) c) page offset (d) d) page hardware e) hardware support f) effective memory access time g) valid/invalid bit h) hashed page tables i) inverted page tables j) Intel 32 and 64-bit architectures k) X86-64 B. Virtual Memory Ch 9 1. Memory Map 2. Demand Paging a) Performance b) effective access time = 1-px ma+p * page fault time 3. Copy-On-Write 4. Page Replacement a) Basic b) FIFO c) LRU (1) Algorithms (a) additional-reference bits (b) second-chance (c) enhanced second-chance d) Optimal e) Counting Page Replacement (1) LRU (2) MRU f) Page-Buffering Algorithms g) Global vs Local Allocation h) Non-Uniform Memory Allocation 5. Thrashing 6. Memory-Mapped Files a) Shared memory in Windows API b) Memory-Mapped I/O 7. Allocating Kernel Memory XIII. Configuring Input/Output Devices Ch 13 A. I/O Hardware 1. SCSI 2. SATA 3. IDE 4. USB 5. PCI B. Polling

4 C. Interrupts D. Direct Memory Access 1. programmed I/O 2. DMA E. Application I/O Interface 1. character stream or block 2. sequential or random access 3. synchronous or asynchronous 4. shareable or dedicated 5. speed of operation 6. read-write, read only, or write only F. Network Devices 1. network socket interface a) Windows b) UNIX G. Clocks and Timers 1. Programmable interval timer H. Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O I. Vectored I/O J. Kernel I/O subsystem 1. scheduling 2. buffering 3. caching 4. spooling and device reservation 5. error handling 6. I/O protection 7. kernel data structures XIV. Configuring Storage Devices Ch 10 A. Magnetic Disks B. SSD C. Magnetic Tapes D. Disk structure 1. logical blocks 2. formatting 3. tracks, sectors, cylinders E. Disk attachment 1. host-attached storage a) SAN b) FC-AL 2. network attached storage (NAS) a) NFS b) CIFS c) RPC d) LAN 3. Storage-area network F. Disk Scheduling

5 1. latency 2. seek time 3. bandwidth 4. Scheduling a) FCFS b) SSTF c) SCAN d) C-SCAN G. Disk Management 1. DISK Formatting a) physical b) low-level c) ECC d) partitions e) logical f) cluster g) raw 2. Boot Block a) bootstrap b) MBR c) read-only memory d) disks (1) boot (2) system 3. Bad Blocks H. Swap Space I. RAID Structure XV. Viruses and Protection A. Protection Ch Goals 2. Principles 3. Domain a) Capability lists 4. Access Matrix 5. Access control 6. Revocation of Access Rights 7. Capability-Based Systems B. Security Ch Problems 2. attacks a) physical b) shared c) man-in-the-middle d) session hijacking e) human

6 f) OS g) Network 3. Program Threats a) trojan horses b) trap door c) logic bomb d) stack and buffer overflow e) logic bomb f) viruses (1) file (2) boot (3) macro (4) source code (5) polymorphic (6) encrypted (7) stealth (8) tunneling (9) multipartite (10)armored g) keystroke logger h) system and network threats (1) secure by default (2) attack surface i) Worms (1) grappling hook (2) bootstrap (3) vector j) port scanning k) DoS 4. Cryptography a) encryption (1) symmetric (a) DES (b) 3DES (c) AES (d) RC4 (2) asymmetric (a) public key encryption (b) RSA (c) public key (d) private key (3) authentication (a) non-repudiation (b) hash functions (c) MAC (d) digital signature

7 (e) key distribution i) key ring ii) digital certificate iii) certificate authorities (f) implementation i) VPN ii) SSL iii) IPSec (g) virus protection i) disinfecting ii) sandbox iii) safe computing iv) macro viruses (1) RTF (2) DOC v) the love bug (h) tripwire (i) firewalling i) domain separation ii) tunnel iii) spoofing iv) personal firewall v) hardware firewall vi) XML firewall vii) proxy viii) system call firewalls XVI. Virtual Machines Ch. 16 A. Overview 1. VMM a.k.a hypervisors 2. system models a) non vm vs vm 3. paravirtualization 4. virtualization 5. emulators 6. application containment B. History 1. XEN 2. VMWare 3. Virtualbox C. Building Blocks 1. trap-and-emulate 2. binary translation 3. hardware assistance a) AMD-V b) VMCS c) protection domains

8 D. Types of VM and Impementations 1. Lifecycle 2. Type 0 hypervisor 3. Programming-environment virtualization 4. Emulation 5. application containment